Global Human Microbiome Market was valued US$ 601.10 Mn in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 1668.34 Mn by 2029, at a CAGR of around 15.7 % during a forecast period. Human Microbiome Research is advancing, and it is becoming obvious that a wide range of non-communicable diseases, including gastrointestinal inflammation, metabolic problems, and even cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurological ailments, may be linked to imbalances in gut microbiota. Microbiomes have the potential to cure a variety of medical problems, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and others. However, new diagnostic techniques are required to serve this emerging industry. Numerous companies are investing in emerging diagnostic methods. Major Players in the Human Microbiome market are identified through secondary research and their market revenues are determined through primary and secondary research. Some of the leading key players in the global Human Microbiome market include Metabiomics Corporation, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., And Microbiome Therapeutics, LLC. They are continuously strategizing on mergers and acquisitions, strategic alliances, joint ventures, and partnerships for the growth of their market shares.To know about the Research Methodology:-Request Free Sample Report The human microbiome is the collection of all microbiota that resides on or within any human tissues and bio fluids, including the skin, mammary glands, placenta, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, biliary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It includes; bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses. The correlation of most microbes with the human body varies from being commensal and mutualistic to neutral and harmful. Human microbiome-based therapies are existing in the form of foods, prebiotics, diagnostic devices, probiotics, medical foods, drugs, and supplements. Technological advancements in metagenomics and next-generation sequencing have made microbiome-based testing easier and inexpensive. The rising incidence of lifestyle-related diseases, globally, is a strong driver of the human microbiome market, as therapeutics may provide an alternative route to tackle significant healthcare challenges, such as obesity, autoimmune disorders, and antibiotic resistance, genomic disorders, Gastrointestinal diseases, cancer, Crohn’s syndrome, and bowel syndrome. However, the strict government guidelines are intended to hamper the Human Microbiome Market to an extent. Lack of awareness, technological expertise, and skilled professionals pose significant limitations, ultimately restricting the growth of the Human Microbiome Market. According to the Application segment, the therapeutics segment held the largest share of the market. The therapeutic segment is also expected to grow at a balanced rate during the forecast period, owing to the increase in digestive problems, increase in the drug-related side effects. Region-wise, North America is likely to dominate the Human Microbiome Market in the forecast period, because of, Increase in the number of ongoing clinical trials and early adoption of recently developed technologies On the other hand, the Europe market is booming as a result of growing initiatives by central government in research and development along with establishments of startups. The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive assessment of the market and contains thoughtful insights, facts, historical data, industry-validated market data and projections with a suitable set of assumptions and methodology. The report also helps in understanding Global Human Microbiome Market dynamics, structure by identifying and analyzing the market segments and project the global market size. Further, the report also focuses on the competitive analysis of key players by product, price, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence. The report also provides PEST analysis, PORTER’s analysis, SWOT analysis to address the question of shareholders to prioritizing the efforts and investment in the near future to the emerging segment in Global Human Microbiome Market.
Global Human Microbiome Market Scope: Inquire before buying
Global Human Microbiome Market Report Coverage Details Base Year: 2022 Forecast Period: 2023-2029 Historical Data: 2018 to 2022 Market Size in 2022: US $ 601.10 Mn. Forecast Period 2023 to 2029 CAGR: 15.7 % Market Size in 2029: US $ 1668.34 Mn. Segments Covered: by Product Probiotics Prebiotics Medical Foods Supplements Others by Application Therapeutics Diagnostics by Diseases Obesity Diabetes Autoimmune Disorder Metabolic & Gastrointestinal Disorders Cancer Other Diseases Global Human Microbiome Market, By Region
Asia Pacific (China, South Korea, Japan, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Rest of APAC) Europe (UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Austria and Rest of Europe) North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) Middle East and Africa (South Africa, GCC, Egypt, Nigeria and Rest of ME&A) South America (Brazil, Argentina Rest of South America)Key Players
1. Enterome Bioscience 2. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company 3. Merck & Co., Inc. 4. Metabiomics Corporation 5. Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd. 6. Microbiome Therapeutics, LLC 7. Osel, Inc. 8. Second Genome, Inc. 9. Vithera Pharmaceuticals 10. Vedanta Biosciences, Inc. 11. Seres Therapeutics 12. Synthetic Biologics Inc. 13. Synlogic Inc. 14. 4D pharma 15. Evelo Biosciences 16. OptiBiotix Health 17. Ferring Pharmaceuticals 18. BiomX 19. Kaleido 20. YSOPIA Bioscience 21. FlightPath 22. Finch Therapeutics 23. Quantbiome 24. Viome, Inc. 25. DayTwo Frequently Asked Questions: 1] What segments are covered in the Human Microbiome Market report? Ans. The segments covered in the Human Microbiome Market report are based on Product, Applications, Diseases. 2] Which region is expected to hold the highest share in the Human Microbiome Market? Ans. The Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the highest share in the Human Microbiome Market. 3] What is the market size of the Human Microbiome Market by 2029? Ans. The market size of the Human Microbiome Market by 2029 is US$ 1668.34 Mn. 4] What is the forecast period for the Human Microbiome Market? Ans. The forecast period for the Human Microbiome Market is 2023-2029. 5] What was the market size of the Human Microbiome Market in 2022? Ans. The market size of the Human Microbiome Market in 2022 was US$ 601.10 Mn.
1. Human Microbiome Market Introduction 1.1. Study Assumption and Market Definition 1.2. Scope of the Study 1.3. Executive Summary 2. Human Microbiome Market: Dynamics 2.1. Human Microbiome Market Trends by Region 2.1.1. North America Human Microbiome Market Trends 2.1.2. Europe Human Microbiome Market Trends 2.1.3. Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Trends 2.1.4. Middle East and Africa Human Microbiome Market Trends 2.1.5. South America Human Microbiome Market Trends 2.2. Human Microbiome Market Dynamics by Region 2.2.1. North America 2.2.1.1. North America Human Microbiome Market Drivers 2.2.1.2. North America Human Microbiome Market Restraints 2.2.1.3. North America Human Microbiome Market Opportunities 2.2.1.4. North America Human Microbiome Market Challenges 2.2.2. Europe 2.2.2.1. Europe Human Microbiome Market Drivers 2.2.2.2. Europe Human Microbiome Market Restraints 2.2.2.3. Europe Human Microbiome Market Opportunities 2.2.2.4. Europe Human Microbiome Market Challenges 2.2.3. Asia Pacific 2.2.3.1. Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Drivers 2.2.3.2. Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Restraints 2.2.3.3. Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Opportunities 2.2.3.4. Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Challenges 2.2.4. Middle East and Africa 2.2.4.1. Middle East and Africa Human Microbiome Market Drivers 2.2.4.2. Middle East and Africa Human Microbiome Market Restraints 2.2.4.3. Middle East and Africa Human Microbiome Market Opportunities 2.2.4.4. Middle East and Africa Human Microbiome Market Challenges 2.2.5. South America 2.2.5.1. South America Human Microbiome Market Drivers 2.2.5.2. South America Human Microbiome Market Restraints 2.2.5.3. South America Human Microbiome Market Opportunities 2.2.5.4. South America Human Microbiome Market Challenges 2.3. PORTER’s Five Forces Analysis 2.4. PESTLE Analysis 2.5. Technology Roadmap 2.6. Regulatory Landscape by Region 2.6.1. North America 2.6.2. Europe 2.6.3. Asia Pacific 2.6.4. Middle East and Africa 2.6.5. South America 2.7. Key Opinion Leader Analysis For Human Microbiome Industry 2.8. Analysis of Government Schemes and Initiatives For Human Microbiome Industry 2.9. Human Microbiome Market Trade Analysis 2.10. The Global Pandemic Impact on Human Microbiome Market 3. Human Microbiome Market: Global Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation by Demand and Supply Side (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 3.1. Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 3.1.1. Probiotics 3.1.2. Prebiotics 3.1.3. Medical Foods 3.1.4. Supplements 3.1.5. Others 3.2. Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 3.2.1. Therapeutics 3.2.2. Diagnostics 3.3. Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 3.3.1. Obesity 3.3.2. Diabetes 3.3.3. Autoimmune Disorder 3.3.4. Metabolic & Gastrointestinal Disorders 3.3.5. Cancer 3.3.6. Other Diseases 3.4. Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Region (2022-2029) 3.4.1. North America 3.4.2. Europe 3.4.3. Asia Pacific 3.4.4. Middle East and Africa 3.4.5. South America 4. North America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 4.1. North America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 4.1.1. Probiotics 4.1.2. Prebiotics 4.1.3. Medical Foods 4.1.4. Supplements 4.1.5. Others 4.2. North America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 4.2.1. Therapeutics 4.2.2. Diagnostics 4.3. North America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 4.3.1. Obesity 4.3.2. Diabetes 4.3.3. Autoimmune Disorder 4.3.4. Metabolic & Gastrointestinal Disorders 4.3.5. Cancer 4.3.6. Other Diseases 4.4. North America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 4.4.1. United States 4.4.1.1. United States Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 4.4.1.1.1. Probiotics 4.4.1.1.2. Prebiotics 4.4.1.1.3. Medical Foods 4.4.1.1.4. Supplements 4.4.1.1.5. Others 4.4.1.2. United States Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 4.4.1.2.1. Therapeutics 4.4.1.2.2. Diagnostics 4.4.1.3. United States Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 4.4.1.3.1. Obesity 4.4.1.3.2. Diabetes 4.4.1.3.3. Autoimmune Disorder 4.4.1.3.4. Metabolic & Gastrointestinal Disorders 4.4.1.3.5. Cancer 4.4.1.3.6. Other Diseases 4.4.2. Canada 4.4.2.1. Canada Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 4.4.2.1.1. Probiotics 4.4.2.1.2. Prebiotics 4.4.2.1.3. Medical Foods 4.4.2.1.4. Supplements 4.4.2.1.5. Others 4.4.2.2. Canada Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 4.4.2.2.1. Therapeutics 4.4.2.2.2. Diagnostics 4.4.2.3. Canada Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 4.4.2.3.1. Obesity 4.4.2.3.2. Diabetes 4.4.2.3.3. Autoimmune Disorder 4.4.2.3.4. Metabolic & Gastrointestinal Disorders 4.4.2.3.5. Cancer 4.4.2.3.6. Other Diseases 4.4.3. Mexico 4.4.3.1. Mexico Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 4.4.3.1.1. Probiotics 4.4.3.1.2. Prebiotics 4.4.3.1.3. Medical Foods 4.4.3.1.4. Supplements 4.4.3.1.5. Others 4.4.3.2. Mexico Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 4.4.3.2.1. Therapeutics 4.4.3.2.2. Diagnostics 4.4.3.3. Mexico Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 4.4.3.3.1. Obesity 4.4.3.3.2. Diabetes 4.4.3.3.3. Autoimmune Disorder 4.4.3.3.4. Metabolic & Gastrointestinal Disorders 4.4.3.3.5. Cancer 4.4.3.3.6. Other Diseases 5. Europe Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 5.1. Europe Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 5.2. Europe Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.3. Europe Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 5.4. Europe Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 5.4.1. United Kingdom 5.4.1.1. United Kingdom Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 5.4.1.2. United Kingdom Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.1.3. United Kingdom Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases(2022-2029) 5.4.2. France 5.4.2.1. France Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 5.4.2.2. France Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.2.3. France Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases(2022-2029) 5.4.3. Germany 5.4.3.1. Germany Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 5.4.3.2. Germany Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.3.3. Germany Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 5.4.4. Italy 5.4.4.1. Italy Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 5.4.4.2. Italy Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.4.3. Italy Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases(2022-2029) 5.4.5. Spain 5.4.5.1. Spain Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 5.4.5.2. Spain Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.5.3. Spain Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 5.4.6. Sweden 5.4.6.1. Sweden Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 5.4.6.2. Sweden Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.6.3. Sweden Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 5.4.7. Austria 5.4.7.1. Austria Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 5.4.7.2. Austria Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.7.3. Austria Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 5.4.8. Rest of Europe 5.4.8.1. Rest of Europe Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 5.4.8.2. Rest of Europe Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.8.3. Rest of Europe Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 6. Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 6.1. Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.2. Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.3. Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 6.4. Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 6.4.1. China 6.4.1.1. China Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.4.1.2. China Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.1.3. China Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 6.4.2. S Korea 6.4.2.1. S Korea Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.4.2.2. S Korea Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.2.3. S Korea Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 6.4.3. Japan 6.4.3.1. Japan Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.4.3.2. Japan Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.3.3. Japan Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 6.4.4. India 6.4.4.1. India Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.4.4.2. India Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.4.3. India Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 6.4.5. Australia 6.4.5.1. Australia Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.4.5.2. Australia Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.5.3. Australia Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 6.4.6. Indonesia 6.4.6.1. Indonesia Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.4.6.2. Indonesia Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.6.3. Indonesia Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 6.4.7. Malaysia 6.4.7.1. Malaysia Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.4.7.2. Malaysia Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.7.3. Malaysia Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 6.4.8. Vietnam 6.4.8.1. Vietnam Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.4.8.2. Vietnam Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.8.3. Vietnam Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases(2022-2029) 6.4.9. Taiwan 6.4.9.1. Taiwan Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.4.9.2. Taiwan Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.9.3. Taiwan Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 6.4.10. Rest of Asia Pacific 6.4.10.1. Rest of Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 6.4.10.2. Rest of Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.10.3. Rest of Asia Pacific Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 7. Middle East and Africa Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 7.1. Middle East and Africa Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 7.2. Middle East and Africa Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 7.3. Middle East and Africa Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 7.4. Middle East and Africa Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 7.4.1. South Africa 7.4.1.1. South Africa Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 7.4.1.2. South Africa Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 7.4.1.3. South Africa Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 7.4.2. GCC 7.4.2.1. GCC Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 7.4.2.2. GCC Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 7.4.2.3. GCC Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 7.4.3. Nigeria 7.4.3.1. Nigeria Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 7.4.3.2. Nigeria Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 7.4.3.3. Nigeria Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 7.4.4. Rest of ME&A 7.4.4.1. Rest of ME&A Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 7.4.4.2. Rest of ME&A Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 7.4.4.3. Rest of ME&A Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 8. South America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 8.1. South America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 8.2. South America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 8.3. South America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases(2022-2029) 8.4. South America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 8.4.1. Brazil 8.4.1.1. Brazil Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 8.4.1.2. Brazil Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 8.4.1.3. Brazil Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 8.4.2. Argentina 8.4.2.1. Argentina Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 8.4.2.2. Argentina Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 8.4.2.3. Argentina Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 8.4.3. Rest Of South America 8.4.3.1. Rest Of South America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2022-2029) 8.4.3.2. Rest Of South America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 8.4.3.3. Rest Of South America Human Microbiome Market Size and Forecast, by Diseases (2022-2029) 9. Global Human Microbiome Market: Competitive Landscape 9.1. MMR Competition Matrix 9.2. Competitive Landscape 9.3. Key Players Benchmarking 9.3.1. Company Name 9.3.2. Business Segment 9.3.3. End-user Segment 9.3.4. Revenue (2022) 9.3.5. Company Locations 9.4. Leading Human Microbiome Market Companies, by market capitalization 9.5. Market Structure 9.5.1. Market Leaders 9.5.2. Market Followers 9.5.3. Emerging Players 9.6. Mergers and Acquisitions Details 10. Company Profile: Key Players 10.1. Enterome Bioscience 10.1.1. Company Overview 10.1.2. Business Portfolio 10.1.3. Financial Overview 10.1.4. SWOT Analysis 10.1.5. Strategic Analysis 10.1.6. Scale of Operation (small, medium, and large) 10.1.7. Details on Partnership 10.1.8. Regulatory Accreditations and Certifications Received by Them 10.1.9. Awards Received by the Firm 10.1.10. Recent Developments 10.2. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company 10.3. Merck & Co., Inc. 10.4. Metabiomics Corporation 10.5. Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd. 10.6. Microbiome Therapeutics, LLC 10.7. Osel, Inc. 10.8. Second Genome, Inc. 10.9. Vithera Pharmaceuticals 10.10. Vedanta Biosciences, Inc. 10.11. Seres Therapeutics 10.12. Synthetic Biologics Inc. 10.13. Synlogic Inc. 10.14. 4D pharma 10.15. Evelo Biosciences 10.16. OptiBiotix Health 10.17. Ferring Pharmaceuticals 10.18. BiomX 10.19. Kaleido 10.20. YSOPIA Bioscience 10.21. FlightPath 10.22. Finch Therapeutics 10.23. Quantbiome 10.24. Viome, Inc. 10.25. DayTwo 11. Key Findings 12. Industry Recommendations 13. Human Microbiome Market: Research Methodology 14. Terms and Glossary