Strain Gauge Sensors Market was valued at US$ 190.66 Mn in 2022 and is expected to grow US$ 249.22 Mn by 2029, at a CAGR of 3.9 % during the forecast period. The report study has analyzed the revenue impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the sales revenue of market leaders, market followers, and market disrupters in the report, and the same is reflected in our analysis.To know about the Research Methodology :- Request Free Sample Report
Strain Gauge Sensors Market Overview:
A strain gauge is a sensor, its resistance differs with applied force. It is mostly used in printing, mining, and oil & gas sectors, and thus has a high demand in the market. Strain gauge sensors are used for testing objects with the weight level up to one ton. The strain gage is used to measure an object so that the sensing element may extend or reduce according to the measuring object. Usually, a copper-nickel alloy foil is the main component in the strain gauge sensor. There is a number of strains measuring methods like optical, mechanical, and electrical methods. Strain gauge sensors are classified into metal strain gauge sensors and semiconductor strain gauge sensors. Globally, the revenue share is 87.60% and 12.37% respectively in 2021. The key brands are present in the USA, Japan, and Europe. The market share of Vishay, HBM, Zemic are 8.1%, 7.25%, and 5.24% respectively in 2022 which are the main manufacturing companies in the market. There are a number of technical complexities in designing and installation which can hamper the growth of the Global Strain Gauge Sensors Market.Regional Insights:
Regionally, the market is divided into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East &Africa, and South America. North America is a leading market for market in terms of revenue, followed by the Asia Pacific and Europe. Growing demand for less cost and trustworthy gas sensors is driving the market for strain gauge sensors in North America. China is leading the market in the Asia Pacific, due to technological developments in the country. The growth in construction and manufacturing sectors in the Middle East &Africa has lead to good growth in the strain gauge sensors market and South America is expected to give essential growth in the markets in the upcoming years as well. The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive analysis of the Global Market including all the stakeholders of the industry. The past and current status of the industry with forecasted market size and trends are presented in the report with the analysis of complicated data in simple language. The report covers all the aspects of the industry with a dedicated study of key players that includes market leaders, followers, and new entrants. PORTER, SVOR, PESTEL analysis with the potential impact of micro-economic factors of the market have been presented in the report. External as well as internal factors that are supposed to affect the business positively or negatively have been analyzed, which will give a clear futuristic view of the industry to the decision-makers. The report also helps in understanding Global Market dynamics, structure by analyzing the market segments and project the Global Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players by type, price, financial position, Product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Global Market make the report investor’s guide.Strain Gauge Sensors Market Scope: Inquire before buying
Strain Gauge Sensors Market Base Year 2022 Forecast Period 2023-2029 Historical Data CAGR Market Size in 2022 Market Size in 2029 2018 to 2022 3.9% US$ 190.66 Mn US$ 249.22 Mn Segments Covered by Type Mechanical strain gauge sensors Electrical strain gauge sensors Piezoelectric strain gauge sensors by Mounting Type Bounded strain gauges Unbounded strain gauges by End-User Measurement and Test applications Defense & aerospace Healthcare Automotive Regions Covered North America United States Canada Mexico Europe UK France Germany Italy Spain Sweden Austria Rest of Europe Asia Pacific China S Korea Japan India Australia Indonesia Malaysia Vietnam Taiwan Bangladesh Pakistan Rest of APAC Middle East and Africa South Africa GCC Egypt Nigeria Rest of ME&A South America Brazil Argentina Rest of South America Key Players:
1. HBM (Germany) 2. Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co. Ltd. (Japan) 3. Vishay Inter technology, Inc. (U.S) 4. ATI Industrial Automation (U.S.) 5. OMEGA Engineering (U.S.) 6. Piezo-Metrics Inc. (U.S.) 7. FUTEK Advanced Sensor Technology, Inc. (U.S.) 8. The Crane Group of Companies (U.S.) 9. ABB Group (Switzerland) Frequently Asked Questions: 1. Which region has the largest share in Global Strain Gauge Sensors Market? Ans: North America region held the highest share in 2022. 2. What is the growth rate of Global Strain Gauge Sensors Market? Ans: The Global Strain Gauge Sensors Market is growing at a CAGR of 3.9% during forecasting period 2023-2029. 3. What is scope of the Global Strain Gauge Sensors Market report? Ans: Global Strain Gauge Sensors Market report helps with the PESTEL, PORTER, COVID-19 Impact analysis, Recommendations for Investors & Leaders, and market estimation of the forecast period. 4. Who are the key players in Global Strain Gauge Sensors Market? Ans: The important key players in the Global Strain Gauge Sensors Market are – HBM (Germany), Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co. Ltd. (Japan), Vishay Inter technology, Inc. (U.S), ATI Industrial Automation (U.S.), OMEGA Engineering (U.S.), Piezo-Metrics Inc. (U.S.), 5. What is the study period of this Market? Ans: The Global Strain Gauge Sensors Market is studied from 2022 to 2029.
1. Strain Gauge Sensors Market Introduction 1.1. Study Assumption and Market Definition 1.2. Scope of the Study 1.3. Executive Summary 2. Strain Gauge Sensors Market: Dynamics 2.1. Strain Gauge Sensors Market Trends by Region 2.1.1. North America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Trends 2.1.2. Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Trends 2.1.3. Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Trends 2.1.4. Middle East and Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Trends 2.1.5. South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Trends 2.2. Strain Gauge Sensors Market Dynamics by Region 2.2.1. North America 2.2.1.1. North America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Drivers 2.2.1.2. North America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Restraints 2.2.1.3. North America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Opportunities 2.2.1.4. North America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Challenges 2.2.2. Europe 2.2.2.1. Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Drivers 2.2.2.2. Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Restraints 2.2.2.3. Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Opportunities 2.2.2.4. Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Challenges 2.2.3. Asia Pacific 2.2.3.1. Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Drivers 2.2.3.2. Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Restraints 2.2.3.3. Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Opportunities 2.2.3.4. Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Challenges 2.2.4. Middle East and Africa 2.2.4.1. Middle East and Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Drivers 2.2.4.2. Middle East and Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Restraints 2.2.4.3. Middle East and Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Opportunities 2.2.4.4. Middle East and Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Challenges 2.2.5. South America 2.2.5.1. South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Drivers 2.2.5.2. South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Restraints 2.2.5.3. South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Opportunities 2.2.5.4. South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Challenges 2.3. PORTER’s Five Forces Analysis 2.4. PESTLE Analysis 2.5. Technology Roadmap 2.6. Regulatory Landscape by Region 2.6.1. North America 2.6.2. Europe 2.6.3. Asia Pacific 2.6.4. Middle East and Africa 2.6.5. South America 2.7. Key Opinion Leader Analysis For Strain Gauge Sensors Industry 2.8. Analysis of Government Schemes and Initiatives For Strain Gauge Sensors Industry 2.9. Strain Gauge Sensors Market Trade Analysis 2.10. The Global Pandemic Impact on Strain Gauge Sensors Market 3. Strain Gauge Sensors Market: Global Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation by Demand and Supply Side (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 3.1. Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 3.1.1. Mechanical strain gauge sensors 3.1.2. Electrical strain gauge sensors 3.1.3. Piezoelectric strain gauge sensors 3.2. Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 3.2.1. Bounded strain gauges 3.2.2. Unbounded strain gauges 3.3. Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 3.3.1. Measurement and Test applications 3.3.2. Defense & aerospace 3.3.3. Healthcare 3.3.4. Automotive 3.4. Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Region (2022-2029) 3.4.1. North America 3.4.2. Europe 3.4.3. Asia Pacific 3.4.4. Middle East and Africa 3.4.5. South America 4. North America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 4.1. North America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 4.1.1. Mechanical strain gauge sensors 4.1.2. Electrical strain gauge sensors 4.1.3. Piezoelectric strain gauge sensors 4.2. North America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 4.2.1. Bounded strain gauges 4.2.2. Unbounded strain gauges 4.3. North America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 4.3.1. Measurement and Test applications 4.3.2. Defense & aerospace 4.3.3. Healthcare 4.3.4. Automotive 4.4. North America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 4.4.1. United States 4.4.1.1. United States Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 4.4.1.1.1. Mechanical strain gauge sensors 4.4.1.1.2. Electrical strain gauge sensors 4.4.1.1.3. Piezoelectric strain gauge sensors 4.4.1.2. United States Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 4.4.1.2.1. Bounded strain gauges 4.4.1.2.2. Unbounded strain gauges 4.4.1.3. United States Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 4.4.1.3.1. Measurement and Test applications 4.4.1.3.2. Defense & aerospace 4.4.1.3.3. Healthcare 4.4.1.3.4. Automotive 4.4.2. Canada 4.4.2.1. Canada Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 4.4.2.1.1. Mechanical strain gauge sensors 4.4.2.1.2. Electrical strain gauge sensors 4.4.2.1.3. Piezoelectric strain gauge sensors 4.4.2.2. Canada Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 4.4.2.2.1. Bounded strain gauges 4.4.2.2.2. Unbounded strain gauges 4.4.2.3. Canada Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 4.4.2.3.1. Measurement and Test applications 4.4.2.3.2. Defense & aerospace 4.4.2.3.3. Healthcare 4.4.2.3.4. Automotive 4.4.3. Mexico 4.4.3.1. Mexico Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 4.4.3.1.1. Mechanical strain gauge sensors 4.4.3.1.2. Electrical strain gauge sensors 4.4.3.1.3. Piezoelectric strain gauge sensors 4.4.3.2. Mexico Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 4.4.3.2.1. Bounded strain gauges 4.4.3.2.2. Unbounded strain gauges 4.4.3.3. Mexico Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 4.4.3.3.1. Measurement and Test applications 4.4.3.3.2. Defense & aerospace 4.4.3.3.3. Healthcare 4.4.3.3.4. Automotive 5. Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 5.1. Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.2. Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 5.3. Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 5.4. Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 5.4.1. United Kingdom 5.4.1.1. United Kingdom Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.1.2. United Kingdom Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 5.4.1.3. United Kingdom Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User(2022-2029) 5.4.2. France 5.4.2.1. France Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.2.2. France Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 5.4.2.3. France Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User(2022-2029) 5.4.3. Germany 5.4.3.1. Germany Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.3.2. Germany Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 5.4.3.3. Germany Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 5.4.4. Italy 5.4.4.1. Italy Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.4.2. Italy Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 5.4.4.3. Italy Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User(2022-2029) 5.4.5. Spain 5.4.5.1. Spain Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.5.2. Spain Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 5.4.5.3. Spain Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 5.4.6. Sweden 5.4.6.1. Sweden Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.6.2. Sweden Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 5.4.6.3. Sweden Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 5.4.7. Austria 5.4.7.1. Austria Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.7.2. Austria Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 5.4.7.3. Austria Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 5.4.8. Rest of Europe 5.4.8.1. Rest of Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.8.2. Rest of Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 5.4.8.3. Rest of Europe Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 6. Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 6.1. Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.2. Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.3. Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 6.4. Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 6.4.1. China 6.4.1.1. China Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.1.2. China Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.4.1.3. China Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 6.4.2. S Korea 6.4.2.1. S Korea Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.2.2. S Korea Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.4.2.3. S Korea Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 6.4.3. Japan 6.4.3.1. Japan Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.3.2. Japan Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.4.3.3. Japan Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 6.4.4. India 6.4.4.1. India Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.4.2. India Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.4.4.3. India Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 6.4.5. Australia 6.4.5.1. Australia Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.5.2. Australia Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.4.5.3. Australia Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 6.4.6. Indonesia 6.4.6.1. Indonesia Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.6.2. Indonesia Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.4.6.3. Indonesia Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 6.4.7. Malaysia 6.4.7.1. Malaysia Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.7.2. Malaysia Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.4.7.3. Malaysia Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 6.4.8. Vietnam 6.4.8.1. Vietnam Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.8.2. Vietnam Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.4.8.3. Vietnam Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User(2022-2029) 6.4.9. Taiwan 6.4.9.1. Taiwan Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.9.2. Taiwan Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.4.9.3. Taiwan Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 6.4.10. Rest of Asia Pacific 6.4.10.1. Rest of Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.10.2. Rest of Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 6.4.10.3. Rest of Asia Pacific Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 7. Middle East and Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 7.1. Middle East and Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 7.2. Middle East and Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 7.3. Middle East and Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 7.4. Middle East and Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 7.4.1. South Africa 7.4.1.1. South Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 7.4.1.2. South Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 7.4.1.3. South Africa Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 7.4.2. GCC 7.4.2.1. GCC Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 7.4.2.2. GCC Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 7.4.2.3. GCC Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 7.4.3. Nigeria 7.4.3.1. Nigeria Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 7.4.3.2. Nigeria Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 7.4.3.3. Nigeria Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 7.4.4. Rest of ME&A 7.4.4.1. Rest of ME&A Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 7.4.4.2. Rest of ME&A Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 7.4.4.3. Rest of ME&A Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 8. South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 8.1. South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 8.2. South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 8.3. South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User(2022-2029) 8.4. South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 8.4.1. Brazil 8.4.1.1. Brazil Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 8.4.1.2. Brazil Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 8.4.1.3. Brazil Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 8.4.2. Argentina 8.4.2.1. Argentina Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 8.4.2.2. Argentina Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 8.4.2.3. Argentina Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 8.4.3. Rest Of South America 8.4.3.1. Rest Of South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 8.4.3.2. Rest Of South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by Mounting Type (2022-2029) 8.4.3.3. Rest Of South America Strain Gauge Sensors Market Size and Forecast, by End User (2022-2029) 9. Global Strain Gauge Sensors Market: Competitive Landscape 9.1. MMR Competition Matrix 9.2. Competitive Landscape 9.3. Key Players Benchmarking 9.3.1. Company Name 9.3.2. Business Segment 9.3.3. End-user Segment 9.3.4. Revenue (2022) 9.3.5. Company Locations 9.4. Leading Strain Gauge Sensors Market Companies, by market capitalization 9.5. Market Structure 9.5.1. Market Leaders 9.5.2. Market Followers 9.5.3. Emerging Players 9.6. Mergers and Acquisitions Details 10. Company Profile: Key Players 10.1. HBM (Germany) 10.1.1. Company Overview 10.1.2. Business Portfolio 10.1.3. Financial Overview 10.1.4. SWOT Analysis 10.1.5. Strategic Analysis 10.1.6. Scale of Operation (small, medium, and large) 10.1.7. Details on Partnership 10.1.8. Regulatory Accreditations and Certifications Received by Them 10.1.9. Awards Received by the Firm 10.1.10. Recent Developments 10.2. Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co. Ltd. (Japan) 10.3. Vishay Inter technology, Inc. (U.S) 10.4. ATI Industrial Automation (U.S.) 10.5. OMEGA Engineering (U.S.) 10.6. Piezo-Metrics Inc. (U.S.) 10.7. FUTEK Advanced Sensor Technology, Inc. (U.S.) 10.8. The Crane Group of Companies (U.S.) 10.9. ABB Group (Switzerland) 11. Key Findings 12. Industry Recommendations 13. Strain Gauge Sensors Market: Research Methodology 14. Terms and Glossary