Calcined Petcoke Market: Aluminium industry to boost the market growth

Global Calcined Petcoke Market size was valued at USD 1.80 Bn in 2023 and Calcined Petcoke Market revenue is expected to reach USD 2.57 Bn by 2030, at a CAGR of 5.2% over the forecast period.

Calcined Petcoke Market Overview

Calcined Petcoke is a critical ingredient in the production of aluminum. It is a high-quality carbon material derived from petroleum coke through a process called calcination. Calcined Petcoke is created by placing high-quality raw “green” petroleum coke into rotary kilns and is heated to a temperature between 1200-to-1350 degrees C. It has a sponge-like structure, which is used in making anodes. Calcined Petcoke is a black or dark gray hard solid with metallic luster with hydrocarbons, which contain more than 98.5% carbon. It is used in steel-making, iron-making, general casting, and other industries, which is expected to boost the Calcined Petcoke Market. Calcined Petcoke MarketTo know about the Research Methodology :- Request Free Sample Report

Calcined Petcoke Market Dynamics

Growing Demand for Aluminum to boost the market growth The demand for calcined petcoke is related to the aluminum industry, as it is used as a carbon additive in the production of aluminum. The demand for aluminum is expected to grow in the coming years, driven by factors such as increasing urbanization, rising per capita income, and growth in the construction and automotive sectors, and is expected to boost the market growth. Calcined petcoke is used in the steel industry, where it is used as a carbon additive in the manufacturing of steel electrodes and ladle additives. Calcined petcoke is a key ingredient in the production of graphite electrodes used in electric arc furnaces. The demand for graphite electrodes is expected to grow due to the increasing production of steel and other metals, which rely on electric arc furnaces for smelting, which significantly contribute for the growth of market. Calcined petcoke is used as a reducing agent in the chlorination process for the production of titanium dioxide, which is widely used as a white pigment in paints, plastics, and paper. The demand for titanium dioxide is expected to grow due to increasing construction and automotive activities, as well as growth in the packaging industry and is expected to boost the Calcined petcoke Market growth. Governments across the world are implementing regulations to reduce carbon emissions and promote the use of renewable energy sources. These regulations are expected to boost the demand for calcined petcoke, which is seen as a cleaner and more efficient fuel than coal. It is used in the manufacturing of carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries. The demand for lithium-ion batteries is expected to grow due to the increasing adoption of electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and other applications. Environmental Concerns to restrain the Calcined petcoke market growth The combustion and use of petcoke can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Increasing environmental concerns and stricter regulations on carbon emissions restrains the calcined petcoke market growth. The price of calcined petcoke is influenced by the price of crude oil, as petroleum coke is a byproduct of the refining process. Fluctuations in crude oil prices impact the cost of production and, the pricing and profitability of calcined petcoke. The availability and quality of petroleum coke feedstock impact the production and supply of calcined petcoke. Changes in crude oil composition and refining processes result in variations in the quality and properties of petcoke, affecting its suitability for calcination, which is expected to limit the Calcined petcoke industry growth. The market faces competition from alternative carbon materials, such as coal, natural graphite, and synthetic graphite. These materials offer similar properties or advantages in certain applications, potentially impacting the demand for calcined petcoke. International trade policies, import/export restrictions, and anti-dumping measures affect the flow of calcined petcoke across different regions. Trade disputes and regulatory barriers limit market growth and disrupt supply chains. The demand for calcined petcoke is linked to industries such as aluminum, steel, and titanium dioxide. Economic downturns, cyclical fluctuations, and changes in industrial production impact the demand for calcined petcoke and limits the Calcined Petcoke Market share. Features of Calcined Petcoke 1. Elimination of volatile matter and moisture in the raw materials. After the process of calcination, the volatile matter in calcined petcoke is less than 0.5 % and contents moisture less than 0.3%. 2. The Calcined Petcoke density is above 2.00g/cm3. The density affects the final product and the main manifestation is slag drop. 3. The resistance of the Calcined petcoke affects the resistivity of the final product.

Calcined Petcoke Market Regional Insight

Asia Pacific, region is expected to dominate the Calcined Petcoke industry over the forecast period. Calcined petcoke prices as well as demand from different countries have increased. In, India the demand for Calcined pet coke has increased due to high demand from the cement manufacturing sector and supports the pricing trend throughout the quarter. India is the third largest consumer of energy consumer after China and the USA. With a share of 5.8% of the world's energy consumption, India's energy requirement is fulfilled by Coal and crude oil. And Renewable energy. The Calcined Petcoke companies in India have invested in 55 overseas assets under 25 countries with an investment of USD 36.55 Bn by 2020. Countries such as India, China, Japan, and Russia are the largest consumers of Calcined Petcoke, which is expected to boost the Calcined petcoke market share. Increased demand for steel and a rise in the production rate of calcined petcoke is expected to boost the market growth in the region. Socioeconomic changes, infrastructure investment, and increased per capita income by the consumers in the region with rising infrastructure investment in India are significantly contributing to the growth of the market in the region.

Calcined Petcoke Market Segment Analysis

Based on Application, the market is segmented into Aluminium, Steel, Titanium dioxide, Paint & Coating, fertilizers, and Others. The Aluminium and Steel segment is expected to dominate the Calcined petcoke market over the forecast period. Calcined petcoke is important for making anodes for smelting and is a commercially viable method to do so, which is expected to boost the Aluminium segment market growth. Coal is turned into coke to make steel in a blast furnace. Calcined petcoke has a dual role in the making of steel. It is used as a conductive backfill in ground electrode stations and used by steel manufacturers for various carbon and graphite products. Based on Grade, the market is segmented into Needle grade and Anode grade. The anode grade segment is expected to grow over the forecast period. Anode-grade coke is used in the production of aluminum and it is typically low in sulfur and is heavy metal. The anode grade petcoke depends on the amount of volatile matter with sulfur and metals. Lower sulfur and metal content is equal to Anode grade petcoke. Calcined Petcoke Market Competitive Landscape The Calcined Petcoke key players are spending on Research and development activities to increase the product line. Market participants are taking initiatives to growth their footprint worldwide, with development in the market such as new product launch, contractual agreements, and collaboration with organizations to enhance the Calcined Petcoke Market penetration. Competitors in the Calcined Petcoke industry offer cost-effective solutions to expand and survive in the market competition. Calcined Petcoke manufacturers are using tactics to benefit customers with low operating cost. The Calcined Petcoke companies in the market are Maniyar Group of Industries, Metso, BAIYUN CARBON CO. LTD, bp America, The Petro Solutions, Sigma Minerals Ltd., and Vizag Chemical. In July, 2021, Saudi Ma’aden signs deal for Calcined petcoke for an aluminum plant. The contract was worth USD 40 Mn a year, which is the gulfs largest miner to secure 320,000 tons a year of calcined petcoke from domestic sources.

Calcined Petcoke Market Scope: Inquire before buying

Calcined Petcoke Market
Report Coverage Details
Base Year: 2023 Forecast Period: 2024-2030
Historical Data: 2018 to 2023 Market Size in 2023: USD 1.80 Bn
Forecast Period 2024 to 2030 CAGR: 5.2 % Market Size in 2029: USD 2.57 Bn
Segments Covered: by Grade Anode Grade Needle Grade
by Application Aluminium Steel Titanium dioxide Paint & Coating Fertilizer Others

Calcined Petcoke Market, by Region

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) Europe (UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Austria and Rest of Europe) Asia Pacific (China, South Korea, Japan, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Rest of APAC) Middle East and Africa (South Africa, GCC, Egypt, Nigeria and Rest of ME&A) South America (Brazil, Argentina Rest of South America)

Calcined Petcoke Key Players

1. India Carbon Limited 2. Chevron Corporation 3. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. 4. Graphite India Limited 5. Oxbow Corporation 6. Hebei Kangnaixing Carbon New Material Co.,Ltd 7. PHOOLCHAND BHAGATSINGH 8. Maniyar Group of Industries 9. Metso 1. BAIYUN CARBON CO.,LTD 2. bp America 3. The Petro Solutions. 4. Sigma Minerals Ltd., 5. Vizag Chemical 6. Linzhang Xinhui Carbon Manufacturing Co., Ltd. 7. Guru Corporation 8. Richa Refractories 9. Petrocoque 10. The Petro Solutions. 11. Rain Carbon Inc. 12. ATHA Group 13. Advisian 14. Aminco Resources LLC 15. Amritesh Industries Pvt. Ltd 16. M V Coal Corporation Frequently Asked Questions: 1] What is the growth rate of the Global Calcined Petcoke Market? Ans. The Global Calcined Petcoke Market is growing at a significant rate of 5.2% over the forecast period. 2] Which region is expected to dominate the Global Calcined Petcoke Market? Ans. Asia Pacific region is expected to dominate the Calcined Petcoke Market over the forecast period. 3] What is the expected Global Calcined Petcoke Market size by 2030? Ans. The market size of the Calcined Petcoke Market is expected to reach USD 2.57 Bn by 2030. 4] Who are the top players in the Global Calcined Petcoke Industry? Ans. The major key players in the Global Calcined Petcoke Market are Rain Carbon Inc., ATHA Group, Advisian, Aminco Resources LLC, and Amritesh Industries Pvt. Ltd 5] Which factors are expected to drive the Global Calcined Petcoke Market growth by 2030? Ans. Aluminium and steel industries are is expected to drive the Calcined Petcoke Market growth over the forecast period (2024-2030).
1. Calcined Petcoke Market Introduction 1.1. Study Assumption and Market Definition 1.2. Scope of the Study 1.3. Executive Summary 2. Calcined Petcoke Market: Dynamics 2.1. Calcined Petcoke Market Trends by Region 2.1.1. North America Calcined Petcoke Market Trends 2.1.2. Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Trends 2.1.3. Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Trends 2.1.4. Middle East and Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Trends 2.1.5. South America Calcined Petcoke Market Trends 2.2. Calcined Petcoke Market Dynamics by Region 2.2.1. North America 2.2.1.1. North America Calcined Petcoke Market Drivers 2.2.1.2. North America Calcined Petcoke Market Restraints 2.2.1.3. North America Calcined Petcoke Market Opportunities 2.2.1.4. North America Calcined Petcoke Market Challenges 2.2.2. Europe 2.2.2.1. Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Drivers 2.2.2.2. Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Restraints 2.2.2.3. Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Opportunities 2.2.2.4. Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Challenges 2.2.3. Asia Pacific 2.2.3.1. Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Drivers 2.2.3.2. Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Restraints 2.2.3.3. Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Opportunities 2.2.3.4. Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Challenges 2.2.4. Middle East and Africa 2.2.4.1. Middle East and Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Drivers 2.2.4.2. Middle East and Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Restraints 2.2.4.3. Middle East and Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Opportunities 2.2.4.4. Middle East and Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Challenges 2.2.5. South America 2.2.5.1. South America Calcined Petcoke Market Drivers 2.2.5.2. South America Calcined Petcoke Market Restraints 2.2.5.3. South America Calcined Petcoke Market Opportunities 2.2.5.4. South America Calcined Petcoke Market Challenges 2.3. PORTER’s Five Forces Analysis 2.4. PESTLE Analysis 2.5. Technology Roadmap 2.6. Regulatory Landscape by Region 2.6.1. North America 2.6.2. Europe 2.6.3. Asia Pacific 2.6.4. Middle East and Africa 2.6.5. South America 2.7. Key Opinion Leader Analysis For Calcined Petcoke Industry 2.8. Analysis of Government Schemes and Initiatives For Calcined Petcoke Industry 2.9. Calcined Petcoke Market Trade Analysis 2.10. The Global Pandemic Impact on Calcined Petcoke Market 3. Calcined Petcoke Market: Global Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation by Demand and Supply Side (by Value in USD Million) 2023-2030 3.1. Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 3.1.1. Anode Grade 3.1.2. Needle Grade 3.2. Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 3.2.1. Aluminium 3.2.2. Steel 3.2.3. Titanium dioxide 3.2.4. Paint & Coating 3.2.5. Fertilizer 3.2.6. Others 3.3. Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Region (2023-2030) 3.3.1. North America 3.3.2. Europe 3.3.3. Asia Pacific 3.3.4. Middle East and Africa 3.3.5. South America 4. North America Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2023-2030 4.1. North America Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 4.1.1. Anode Grade 4.1.2. Needle Grade 4.2. North America Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 4.2.1. Aluminium 4.2.2. Steel 4.2.3. Titanium dioxide 4.2.4. Paint & Coating 4.2.5. Fertilizer 4.2.6. Others 4.3. North America Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030) 4.3.1. United States 4.3.1.1. United States Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 4.3.1.1.1. Anode Grade 4.3.1.1.2. Needle Grade 4.3.1.2. United States Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 4.3.1.2.1. Aluminium 4.3.1.2.2. Steel 4.3.1.2.3. Titanium dioxide 4.3.1.2.4. Paint & Coating 4.3.1.2.5. Fertilizer 4.3.1.2.6. Others 4.3.2. Canada 4.3.2.1. Canada Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 4.3.2.1.1. Anode Grade 4.3.2.1.2. Needle Grade 4.3.2.2. Canada Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 4.3.2.2.1. Aluminium 4.3.2.2.2. Steel 4.3.2.2.3. Titanium dioxide 4.3.2.2.4. Paint & Coating 4.3.2.2.5. Fertilizer 4.3.2.2.6. Others 4.3.3. Mexico 4.3.3.1. Mexico Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 4.3.3.1.1. Anode Grade 4.3.3.1.2. Needle Grade 4.3.3.2. Mexico Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 4.3.3.2.1. Aluminium 4.3.3.2.2. Steel 4.3.3.2.3. Titanium dioxide 4.3.3.2.4. Paint & Coating 4.3.3.2.5. Fertilizer 4.3.3.2.6. Others 5. Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2023-2030 5.1. Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 5.2. Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.3. Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030) 5.3.1. United Kingdom 5.3.1.1. United Kingdom Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 5.3.1.2. United Kingdom Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.3.2. France 5.3.2.1. France Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 5.3.2.2. France Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.3.3. Germany 5.3.3.1. Germany Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 5.3.3.2. Germany Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.3.4. Italy 5.3.4.1. Italy Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 5.3.4.2. Italy Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.3.5. Spain 5.3.5.1. Spain Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 5.3.5.2. Spain Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.3.6. Sweden 5.3.6.1. Sweden Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 5.3.6.2. Sweden Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.3.7. Austria 5.3.7.1. Austria Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 5.3.7.2. Austria Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.3.8. Rest of Europe 5.3.8.1. Rest of Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 5.3.8.2. Rest of Europe Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6. Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2023-2030 6.1. Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.2. Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.3. Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030) 6.3.1. China 6.3.1.1. China Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.3.1.2. China Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.3.2. S Korea 6.3.2.1. S Korea Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.3.2.2. S Korea Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.3.3. Japan 6.3.3.1. Japan Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.3.3.2. Japan Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.3.4. India 6.3.4.1. India Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.3.4.2. India Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.3.5. Australia 6.3.5.1. Australia Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.3.5.2. Australia Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.3.6. Indonesia 6.3.6.1. Indonesia Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.3.6.2. Indonesia Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.3.7. Malaysia 6.3.7.1. Malaysia Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.3.7.2. Malaysia Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.3.8. Vietnam 6.3.8.1. Vietnam Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.3.8.2. Vietnam Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.3.9. Taiwan 6.3.9.1. Taiwan Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.3.9.2. Taiwan Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.3.10. Rest of Asia Pacific 6.3.10.1. Rest of Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 6.3.10.2. Rest of Asia Pacific Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 7. Middle East and Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2023-2030 7.1. Middle East and Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 7.2. Middle East and Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 7.3. Middle East and Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030) 7.3.1. South Africa 7.3.1.1. South Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 7.3.1.2. South Africa Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 7.3.2. GCC 7.3.2.1. GCC Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 7.3.2.2. GCC Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 7.3.3. Nigeria 7.3.3.1. Nigeria Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 7.3.3.2. Nigeria Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 7.3.4. Rest of ME&A 7.3.4.1. Rest of ME&A Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 7.3.4.2. Rest of ME&A Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 8. South America Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2023-2030 8.1. South America Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 8.2. South America Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 8.3. South America Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030) 8.3.1. Brazil 8.3.1.1. Brazil Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 8.3.1.2. Brazil Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 8.3.2. Argentina 8.3.2.1. Argentina Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 8.3.2.2. Argentina Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 8.3.3. Rest Of South America 8.3.3.1. Rest Of South America Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Grade (2023-2030) 8.3.3.2. Rest Of South America Calcined Petcoke Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 9. Global Calcined Petcoke Market: Competitive Landscape 9.1. MMR Competition Matrix 9.2. Competitive Landscape 9.3. Key Players Benchmarking 9.3.1. Company Name 9.3.2. Business Segment 9.3.3. End-user Segment 9.3.4. Revenue (2022) 9.3.5. Company Locations 9.4. Leading Calcined Petcoke Market Companies, by market capitalization 9.5. Market Structure 9.5.1. Market Leaders 9.5.2. Market Followers 9.5.3. Emerging Players 9.6. Mergers and Acquisitions Details 10. Company Profile: Key Players 10.1. India Carbon Limited 10.1.1. Company Overview 10.1.2. Business Portfolio 10.1.3. Financial Overview 10.1.4. SWOT Analysis 10.1.5. Strategic Analysis 10.1.6. Scale of Operation (small, medium, and large) 10.1.7. Details on Partnership 10.1.8. Regulatory Accreditations and Certifications Received by Them 10.1.9. Awards Received by the Firm 10.1.10. Recent Developments 10.2. Chevron Corporation 10.3. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. 10.4. Graphite India Limited 10.5. Oxbow Corporation 10.6. Hebei Kangnaixing Carbon New Material Co.,Ltd 10.7. PHOOLCHAND BHAGATSINGH 10.8. Maniyar Group of Industries 10.9. Metso 10.10. BAIYUN CARBON CO.,LTD 10.11. bp America 10.12. The Petro Solutions. 10.13. Sigma Minerals Ltd., 10.14. Vizag Chemical 10.15. Linzhang Xinhui Carbon Manufacturing Co., Ltd. 10.16. Guru Corporation 10.17. Richa Refractories 10.18. Petrocoque 10.19. The Petro Solutions. 10.20. Rain Carbon Inc. 10.21. ATHA Group 10.22. Advisian 10.23. Aminco Resources LLC 10.24. Amritesh Industries Pvt. Ltd 10.25. M V Coal Corporation 11. Key Findings 12. Industry Recommendations 13. Calcined Petcoke Market: Research Methodology 14. Terms and Glossary
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