Turbines Market was valued at US$ 39.17 Bn. in 2022. The Global Turbines Market size is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 4.6 % over the forecast period.Turbines Market Overview:
Any of several machines that convert the energy in a stream of fluid into mechanical energy is known as a turbine. The fluid is converted by passing it through a series of stationary channels or vanes that alternate with passages made up of finlike blades attached to a rotor. The rotor revolves and work is extracted by organizing the flow so that a tangential force, or torque, is applied to the rotor blades.To know about the Research Methodology:-Request Free Sample Report The report explores the Turbines market segments (Type, Capacity, and Region). Data has been provided by market participants, and regions (North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and South America). This market report provides a thorough analysis of the rapid advances that are currently taking place across all industry sectors. Facts and figures, illustrations, and presentations are used to provide key data analysis for the historical period from 2018 to 2022. The report investigates the Turbines market drivers, limitations, prospects, and barriers. This MMR report includes investor recommendations based on a thorough examination of the Turbines market’s contemporary competitive scenario. 2022 is considered as a base year to forecast the market from 2023 to 2029. 2022’s market size is estimated on real numbers and outputs of the key players and major players across the globe. The past five years' trends are considered while forecasting the market through 2029. 2022 is a year of exception and analysis, especially with the impact of lockdown by region.
Turbines Market Dynamics:
Driver: Among electricity-generation products, wind turbines are expected to grow the fastest. Wind turbines would have the strongest growth prospects and opportunities among energy generation capacities. Many countries are ramping up wind energy development to satisfy renewable energy targets established by federal governments or as part of a bigger signatory body like the Paris Agreement. Many of these renewable energy targets are planned for 2025, and new wind energy installations are expected to ramp up in 2023 and 2024. Electricity demand is increasing Electricity demand has increased as a result of growing industrialization and increased use of electrical appliances in emerging countries. According to the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation of the Government of India, utility power output climbed from 13, 03,583 GWh in 2022–2029 to 13,71,779 GWh in 2022, a 5.24 % yearly increase. As a result of the high emission standards enforced by industrialized countries and the increased need for electricity, natural gas power plants are likely to be installed, as natural gas emits less carbon dioxide. Restraint: Changing focus toward renewable energy Despite the fact that coal production and consumption are far higher in Asia Pacific's fast-growing nations, the worldwide natural gas supply is only enough to last half as long as coal at the current production pace. Solar and wind power plants are environmentally friendly energy sources. Renewable energy investment is likely to have an impact on fossil-fueled power facilities. As a result, the market for gas turbines faces difficulty due to limited natural gas sources. Opportunity: Need for alternative energy sources in future With the growing need for alternative energy sources such as wind, hydro, and natural gas, turbines that are compatible with multiple renewable sources are becoming more common. By 2040, it is predicted to have an electrical consumption of over 39 thousand TWh, which would provide opportunities for the market to expand. Turbines Market Trends: Wind turbines are now being used for power generation, after formerly being employed for sailing, agriculture, grinding, and other purposes. Wind turbine technology has evolved from an emerging power source to a commercial electricity-generating technology in more than 80 nations in the last 20 years. Reduced costs, benefits to improved materials and design, and favorable government policies for wind power in major wind power countries like China, the United States, Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, and India, drove the total growth of turbine installations. Depleting fossil fuel reserves, falling wind power generating costs, increased attention to environmental issues, and financial incentives from various governments across the world have all contributed to the wind turbine market's exponential growth.Turbines Market Segment Analysis:
Based on Type, the Turbines Market is segmented into Wind turbines, Steam turbines, Gas Turbines, and Hydro Turbines. The wind power industry is forecasted to reach USD 53.67 billion by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 4.6% from 2022 to 2029, with annual installations expected to exceed 120 GW. Due to falling costs and improved technology, the offshore wind turbine sector is forecast to see significant growth in worldwide wind turbine industry investments during the forecast period. Wind turbines hold the most market share among all others followed by a gas turbine which is forecasted to have a market size of USD$ 53.67 Bn by 2029.Regional Insights:
The Asia Pacific region held the largest market share accounting for 29.4% in 2022. The Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness significant growth at a CAGR of 4.6% through the forecast period. With a huge number of coal- and nuclear-powered power plants, Asia-Pacific is a major market. China previously had about 53 coal-fired power facilities and 46 nuclear power plants. Also, both hydro and wind power plants in the country have the largest installed capacity. Apart from China, India is a significant country that uses coal power plants to generate the majority of its electricity. India has a total installed capacity of roughly 80 gigawatts (wind energy and hydro energy) and is planned to treble wind energy installed capacity by 2022 as part of its green initiative. The turbine market in the region is predicted to increase significantly during the forecast period. The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive analysis of the global Turbines Market to the stakeholders in the industry. The past and current status of the industry with the forecasted market size and trends are presented in the report with the analysis of complicated data in simple language. The report covers all the aspects of the industry with a dedicated study of key players that include market leaders, followers, and new entrants. PORTER, PESTEL analysis with the potential impact of micro-economic factors of the market have been presented in the report. External as well as internal factors that are supposed to affect the business positively or negatively have been analyzed, which will give a clear futuristic view of the industry to the decision-makers. The reports also help in understanding the Turbines Market dynamic, and structure by analyzing the market segments and projecting the Turbines Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players by Design, price, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Turbines Market make the report investor’s guide.Turbines Market Scope: Inquire before buying
Turbines Market Report Coverage Details Base Year: 2022 Forecast Period: 2023-2029 Historical Data: 2018 to 2022 Market Size in 2022: US$ 39.17 Bn. Forecast Period 2023 to 2029 CAGR: 4.6% Market Size in 2029: US$ 53.66 Bn. Segments Covered: by Type Wind Turbines Steam Turbines Gas Turbines Hydro Turbines by Capacity Small Medium Large by Application Power Generation Aviation Sailing Others Turbines Market, by Region
Asia Pacific (China, South Korea, Japan, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Rest of APAC) Europe (UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Austria and Rest of Europe) North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) Middle East and Africa (South Africa, GCC, Egypt, Nigeria and Rest of ME&A) South America (Brazil, Argentina Rest of South America)Turbines Key Players:
1. Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. 2. Siemens Energy 3. Capstone Green Energy Corporation 4. General Electric 5. Ansaldo Energia 6. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 7. Nordex SE 8. Suzlon Energy Limited 9. Vestas Wind Systems AS 10. Litostroj Power Group 11. Andritz AG 12. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. 13. Rolls-Royce plc 14. ABB 15. Sinovel Wind Group Co.Frequently Asked Questions:
1] What is the forecasted market size and growth rate of the turbine market? Ans. Forecasted market size US$ 53.66 Bn. till 2029, with a CAGR of 4.6 %. 2] What are the restraining factors of the growth of the turbine market? Ans. Changing focus toward renewable energy is the restraining factor in the turbine market. 3] Which region is expected to hold the highest share in the Turbines Market? Ans. The North American region is expected to hold the highest share in the Turbines Market with a share of 37.45% in 2022. 4] Which are the leading key players in the turbine market? Ans. Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., Siemens Energy, Capstone Green Energy Corporation, General Electric, Ansaldo Energia, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Nordex SE Suzlon Energy Limited is some of the leading key players of the turbine market. 5] What segments are covered in Turbines? Ans. The turbine market is segmented into Type, Capacity, Technology, Application and Region
1. Turbine Market Introduction 1.1. Study Assumption and Market Definition 1.2. Scope of the Study 1.3. Executive Summary 2. Turbine Market: Dynamics 2.1. Turbine Market Trends by Region 2.1.1. North America Turbine Market Trends 2.1.2. Europe Turbine Market Trends 2.1.3. Asia Pacific Turbine Market Trends 2.1.4. Middle East and Africa Turbine Market Trends 2.1.5. South America Turbine Market Trends 2.2. Turbine Market Dynamics by Region 2.2.1. North America 2.2.1.1. North America Turbine Market Drivers 2.2.1.2. North America Turbine Market Restraints 2.2.1.3. North America Turbine Market Opportunities 2.2.1.4. North America Turbine Market Challenges 2.2.2. Europe 2.2.2.1. Europe Turbine Market Drivers 2.2.2.2. Europe Turbine Market Restraints 2.2.2.3. Europe Turbine Market Opportunities 2.2.2.4. Europe Turbine Market Challenges 2.2.3. Asia Pacific 2.2.3.1. Asia Pacific Turbine Market Drivers 2.2.3.2. Asia Pacific Turbine Market Restraints 2.2.3.3. Asia Pacific Turbine Market Opportunities 2.2.3.4. Asia Pacific Turbine Market Challenges 2.2.4. Middle East and Africa 2.2.4.1. Middle East and Africa Turbine Market Drivers 2.2.4.2. Middle East and Africa Turbine Market Restraints 2.2.4.3. Middle East and Africa Turbine Market Opportunities 2.2.4.4. Middle East and Africa Turbine Market Challenges 2.2.5. South America 2.2.5.1. South America Turbine Market Drivers 2.2.5.2. South America Turbine Market Restraints 2.2.5.3. South America Turbine Market Opportunities 2.2.5.4. South America Turbine Market Challenges 2.3. PORTER’s Five Forces Analysis 2.4. PESTLE Analysis 2.5. Technology Roadmap 2.6. Regulatory Landscape by Region 2.6.1. North America 2.6.2. Europe 2.6.3. Asia Pacific 2.6.4. Middle East and Africa 2.6.5. South America 2.7. Key Opinion Leader Analysis For Turbine Industry 2.8. Analysis of Government Schemes and Initiatives For Turbine Industry 2.9. Turbine Market Trade Analysis 2.10. The Global Pandemic Impact on Turbine Market 3. Turbine Market: Global Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation by Demand and Supply Side (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 3.1. Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 3.1.1. Wind Turbines 3.1.2. Steam Turbines 3.1.3. Gas Turbines 3.1.4. Hydro Turbines 3.2. Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 3.2.1. Small 3.2.2. Medium 3.2.3. Large 3.3. Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 3.3.1. Power Generation 3.3.2. Aviation 3.3.3. Sailing 3.3.4. Others 3.4. Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Region (2022-2029) 3.4.1. North America 3.4.2. Europe 3.4.3. Asia Pacific 3.4.4. Middle East and Africa 3.4.5. South America 4. North America Turbine Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 4.1. North America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 4.1.1. Wind Turbines 4.1.2. Steam Turbines 4.1.3. Gas Turbines 4.1.4. Hydro Turbines 4.2. North America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 4.2.1. Small 4.2.2. Medium 4.2.3. Large 4.3. North America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 4.3.1. Power Generation 4.3.2. Aviation 4.3.3. Sailing 4.3.4. Others 4.4. North America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 4.4.1. United States 4.4.1.1. United States Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 4.4.1.1.1. Wind Turbines 4.4.1.1.2. Steam Turbines 4.4.1.1.3. Gas Turbines 4.4.1.1.4. Hydro Turbines 4.4.1.2. United States Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 4.4.1.2.1. Small 4.4.1.2.2. Medium 4.4.1.2.3. Large 4.4.1.3. United States Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 4.4.1.3.1. Power Generation 4.4.1.3.2. Aviation 4.4.1.3.3. Sailing 4.4.1.3.4. Others 4.4.2. Canada 4.4.2.1. Canada Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 4.4.2.1.1. Wind Turbines 4.4.2.1.2. Steam Turbines 4.4.2.1.3. Gas Turbines 4.4.2.1.4. Hydro Turbines 4.4.2.2. Canada Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 4.4.2.2.1. Small 4.4.2.2.2. Medium 4.4.2.2.3. Large 4.4.2.3. Canada Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 4.4.2.3.1. Power Generation 4.4.2.3.2. Aviation 4.4.2.3.3. Sailing 4.4.2.3.4. Others 4.4.3. Mexico 4.4.3.1. Mexico Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 4.4.3.1.1. Wind Turbines 4.4.3.1.2. Steam Turbines 4.4.3.1.3. Gas Turbines 4.4.3.1.4. Hydro Turbines 4.4.3.2. Mexico Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 4.4.3.2.1. Small 4.4.3.2.2. Medium 4.4.3.2.3. Large 4.4.3.3. Mexico Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 4.4.3.3.1. Power Generation 4.4.3.3.2. Aviation 4.4.3.3.3. Sailing 4.4.3.3.4. Others 5. Europe Turbine Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 5.1. Europe Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.2. Europe Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 5.3. Europe Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4. Europe Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 5.4.1. United Kingdom 5.4.1.1. United Kingdom Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.1.2. United Kingdom Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 5.4.1.3. United Kingdom Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.2. France 5.4.2.1. France Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.2.2. France Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 5.4.2.3. France Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.3. Germany 5.4.3.1. Germany Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.3.2. Germany Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 5.4.3.3. Germany Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.4. Italy 5.4.4.1. Italy Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.4.2. Italy Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 5.4.4.3. Italy Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.5. Spain 5.4.5.1. Spain Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.5.2. Spain Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 5.4.5.3. Spain Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.6. Sweden 5.4.6.1. Sweden Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.6.2. Sweden Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 5.4.6.3. Sweden Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.7. Austria 5.4.7.1. Austria Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.7.2. Austria Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 5.4.7.3. Austria Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 5.4.8. Rest of Europe 5.4.8.1. Rest of Europe Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 5.4.8.2. Rest of Europe Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 5.4.8.3. Rest of Europe Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6. Asia Pacific Turbine Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 6.1. Asia Pacific Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.2. Asia Pacific Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.3. Asia Pacific Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4. Asia Pacific Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 6.4.1. China 6.4.1.1. China Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.1.2. China Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.4.1.3. China Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.2. S Korea 6.4.2.1. S Korea Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.2.2. S Korea Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.4.2.3. S Korea Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.3. Japan 6.4.3.1. Japan Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.3.2. Japan Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.4.3.3. Japan Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.4. India 6.4.4.1. India Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.4.2. India Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.4.4.3. India Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.5. Australia 6.4.5.1. Australia Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.5.2. Australia Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.4.5.3. Australia Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.6. Indonesia 6.4.6.1. Indonesia Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.6.2. Indonesia Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.4.6.3. Indonesia Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.7. Malaysia 6.4.7.1. Malaysia Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.7.2. Malaysia Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.4.7.3. Malaysia Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.8. Vietnam 6.4.8.1. Vietnam Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.8.2. Vietnam Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.4.8.3. Vietnam Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.9. Taiwan 6.4.9.1. Taiwan Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.9.2. Taiwan Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.4.9.3. Taiwan Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 6.4.10. Rest of Asia Pacific 6.4.10.1. Rest of Asia Pacific Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 6.4.10.2. Rest of Asia Pacific Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 6.4.10.3. Rest of Asia Pacific Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 7. Middle East and Africa Turbine Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 7.1. Middle East and Africa Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 7.2. Middle East and Africa Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 7.3. Middle East and Africa Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 7.4. Middle East and Africa Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 7.4.1. South Africa 7.4.1.1. South Africa Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 7.4.1.2. South Africa Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 7.4.1.3. South Africa Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 7.4.2. GCC 7.4.2.1. GCC Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 7.4.2.2. GCC Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 7.4.2.3. GCC Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 7.4.3. Nigeria 7.4.3.1. Nigeria Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 7.4.3.2. Nigeria Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 7.4.3.3. Nigeria Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 7.4.4. Rest of ME&A 7.4.4.1. Rest of ME&A Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 7.4.4.2. Rest of ME&A Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 7.4.4.3. Rest of ME&A Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 8. South America Turbine Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value in USD Million) 2022-2029 8.1. South America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 8.2. South America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 8.3. South America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application(2022-2029) 8.4. South America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2022-2029) 8.4.1. Brazil 8.4.1.1. Brazil Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 8.4.1.2. Brazil Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 8.4.1.3. Brazil Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 8.4.2. Argentina 8.4.2.1. Argentina Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 8.4.2.2. Argentina Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 8.4.2.3. Argentina Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 8.4.3. Rest Of South America 8.4.3.1. Rest Of South America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2022-2029) 8.4.3.2. Rest Of South America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Capacity (2022-2029) 8.4.3.3. Rest Of South America Turbine Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2022-2029) 9. Global Turbine Market: Competitive Landscape 9.1. MMR Competition Matrix 9.2. Competitive Landscape 9.3. Key Players Benchmarking 9.3.1. Company Name 9.3.2. Business Segment 9.3.3. End-user Segment 9.3.4. Revenue (2022) 9.3.5. Company Locations 9.4. Leading Turbine Market Companies, by market capitalization 9.5. Market Structure 9.5.1. Market Leaders 9.5.2. Market Followers 9.5.3. Emerging Players 9.6. Mergers and Acquisitions Details 10. Company Profile: Key Players 10.1. Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. 10.1.1. Company Overview 10.1.2. Business Portfolio 10.1.3. Financial Overview 10.1.4. SWOT Analysis 10.1.5. Strategic Analysis 10.1.6. Scale of Operation (small, medium, and large) 10.1.7. Details on Partnership 10.1.8. Regulatory Accreditations and Certifications Received by Them 10.1.9. Awards Received by the Firm 10.1.10. Recent Developments 10.2. Siemens Energy 10.3. Capstone Green Energy Corporation 10.4. General Electric 10.5. Ansaldo Energia 10.6. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 10.7. Nordex SE 10.8. Suzlon Energy Limited 10.9. Vestas Wind Systems AS 10.10. Litostroj Power Group 10.11. Andritz AG 10.12. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. 10.13. Rolls-Royce plc 10.14. ABB 10.15. Sinovel Wind Group Co. 11. Key Findings 12. Industry Recommendations 13. Turbine Market: Research Methodology 14. Terms and Glossary