Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market: Industry Analysis and Forecast (2020-2026) by Product, Application, End User and Region

Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market size is expected to reach nearly US$ 1574.52 Mn by 2026 with the CAGR of 10.45% during the forecast period. The global Serological Transplant Diagnostics market report is a comprehensive analysis of the industry, market, and key players. The report has covered the market by demand and supply-side by segments. The global Serological Transplant Diagnostics market report also provides trends by market segments, technology, and investment with a competitive landscape. Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market To know about the Research Methodology :- Request Free Sample Report

Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Overview

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the serological transplant diagnostic market was at US$ 335.8 MN expected to reach US$ 408 Million by 2026. Reagents & Accessories one of the segments, is been observed to grow most by 3% CAGR during the forecast period with the regions such as North America and the Asia Pacific poised to dominate the market. A serological test is undertaken to determine the antibodies, problems with the immune system, and compatibility of organ, tissue, and fluids for the transplantation in humans. Human Leukocytes Antigen (HLA) are molecules found on the surface of the cells that control how the body identifies a situation and rejecting or discarding foreign tissues. Thus, to reduce the effect of the HLA, a serological transplant technique was introduced, a transplant can be done with minimum matching HLA criteria. The serological test includes several tests such as HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) typing, Rheumatoid factor, and Immunoglobulin. Each test has different criteria of use.

Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Dynamics

The growth of the market can be attributed to the increase in the geriatric population, organ failure, rising number of soft tissues, and prevalence of chronic disease. Moreover, due to the outbreak of coronavirus, for the last couple of years, the market has seen an upsurge in the number of patients diagnosing with organ failure. As for coronavirus, it attacks the respiratory system and damages the lungs due to which the segment of lung transplant is poised to grow. The kidney is the most transplanted organ around the globe followed by the heart and lungs. According to the available data, over 2 million people globally are treated for kidney transplants. With the majority of patients belonging from cities like the USA, Brazil, Japan, Germany, and Italy. Which is anticipated to grow the serological transplant diagnostic market. The growth of the key distributional channels such as hospitals and organ transplantation centers further increased demand in the last 4 years, attracting potential industry investors. Continuous development in the field of diagnosis such as automated diagnostic solutions, rapid/POC tests, rising technological advancement combined with consumer awareness exhibited substantial market growth. Additionally, the availability of adequate health care staff and upgraded healthcare system due to private and public investment are some of the other driving factors driving the market growth. Certain factors such as time taken between the donor and recipients organ transplant procedure, High cost related to PCR and NGS instrument, improper medical management, and lack of timely diagnosis and treatment for the detection of organ damage or failure poised to restrain the serological transplant diagnostics market growth

Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Segment Analysis

Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics MarketIn terms of product, the segment of reagent & accessories dominated the market. Reagents & accessories are the most integral part of numerous serological transplant tests such as blood type testing, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) testing, and other serological tests and are very useful & effective for transplantation of the organ. With the prevalence of organ failures and their treatment, the requirement for serological reagents and accessories has increased. Kidney, lung, pancreas, heart, liver, and pancreas failures are the aiding factors for the segment's market growth. According to the report published by the National Kidney Foundation titled "Global Facts: About Kidney Disease" states 10% of the world's population is affected by Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Which has driven the serological transplant diagnostics and reagent and accessories market. Followed by systems. Based on the Application, kidney and liver transplants are more prevalent applications in the serological transplant diagnostic market fueled by the rise in incidences of kidney and liver failure in the geriatric population. Especially, in those with chronic diseases. As per the reports published by the American Society of Nephrology titled- Chronic Kidney Disease in India, the range of CKD in India ranges from 1% to 13%. Followed by heart and lung transplantation. Around 6, 5500 people succumbed to death due to heart disease in the USA and are the leading cause of death in both men and women. Thus, driving the segment's market growth. Rising awareness among people about timely diagnosis and treatment of organ damage/failure further triggered market growth. By end-user, hospitals and specialized centers dominated the market due to the continued global expansion of the healthcare and hospital industry. According to (WHO) World Health Organization, more than 1, 00,000 solid organ transplants are performed annually. Of which more than 65,000 are kidney transplants. Such a high prevalence bolstered the need for hospitals and care centers. Moreover, the collaboration between international players such as Mayo Clinic, a 150-year-old healthcare company headquarters in Rochester, Minnesota, the USA in 2019 was regarded as the No.1 hospital in the world, entered India after tying up with India's AIG Hospital Hyderabad to share expertise for better output further propelled the growth of the segment.

Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Regional Insights:

As far as serological transplant diagnostic is concerned, North America dominates the global market with the United States holding the majority of the market share in the region and will see a rise in demand in the next few years due to the highly advanced medical facility and upgraded diagnostic solutions combined with rising chronic kidney and heart disease. As per the data available, heart disease in the US cost US$ 219 Billion annually from 2014 to 2015. Including the overall cost of healthcare services, medical equipment, and others. Moreover, as people are becoming more aware of heart and kidney disease. The rate of organ transplantation is on the rise in the US. The Asia Pacific is poised to grow fastest in the forecast period because of the high prevalence of kidney, lung, and liver damage with china being the epicenter of the market for both manufacturers and suppliers of the industry. According to data made available by the Chinese government, observations made over the last 5 years rate of survival in brain dead donors from single lung transplantation is more than 60% and for the double is 75%. Whereas, India emerged as another lucrative market and is expected to be in the limelight for industry players because of rising kidney, lung, and heart failure incidences. According to the data published by the International Society of Nephrology’s Kidney Disease Data Centre stated a prevalence of 17% of chronic kidney disease in the region. This data shows the scope of growth for the serological transplant diagnostics market in the Asia Pacific. In Europe, Germany dominates the market because of an upsurge in demand from leading hospitals, blood banks, and transportation centers. As per the reports made accessible by the (GTAI) Germany Trade and Investment Organization, the healthcare market of Germany is holding the No.1 position in the region in terms of volume, patients, medical infrastructure & technology, manufacturers & suppliers, and healthcare professionals. Moreover, according to the reports, Germany's spending on the healthcare and hospital industry exceeded 400 billion euros in 2019 thus, growing the region's market followed by France, Italy, and the UK. The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive analysis of the Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics market to the stakeholders in the industry. The past and current status of the industry with the forecasted market size and trends are presented in the report with the analysis of complicated data in simple language. The report covers all the aspects of the industry with a dedicated study of key players that include market leaders, followers, and new entrants. PORTER, SVOR, PESTEL analysis with the potential impact of micro-economic factors of the market have been presented in the report. External as well as internal factors that are supposed to affect the business positively or negatively have been analyzed, which will give a clear futuristic view of the industry to the decision-makers. The report also helps in understanding the Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market dynamics, structure by analyzing the market segments and project the Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players by Product Type, price, financial position, Product Type portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market make the report investor’s guide.

Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Scope: Inquire before buying

Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market

Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market, by Region

• North America • Europe • Asia Pacific • Middle East and Africa • South America

Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Key Players

• Bio-Rad Laboratories • Immucor • Siemens Healthineers • Ortho Clinical Diagnostics • Thermo Fisher Scientific • Agena Bioscience • AVIOQ • BAG Healthcare • BD • Beckman Coulter • Biogenuix • DIAGAST • Grifols • Hemo bioscience • Institut de Biotechnologies
1. Preface 1.1. Market Definition and Key Research Objectives 1.2. Research Highlights 2. Assumptions and Research End Methodology 2.1. Report Assumptions 2.2. Abbreviations 2.3. Research End Methodology 2.3.1. Secondary Research 2.3.1.1. Secondary data 2.3.1.2. Secondary End User 2.3.2. Primary Research 2.3.2.1. Data from Primary End User 2.3.2.2. Breakdown of Primary End User 3. Executive Summary: Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Size, by Market Value (US$ Mn) 3.1. Global Market Segmentation 3.2. Global Market Segmentation Share Analysis, 2019 3.2.1. Global 3.2.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 3.3. Geographical Snapshot of the Serological Transplant Diagnostics Product Types Market 3.4. Geographical Snapshot of the Serological Transplant Diagnostics Product Types Market, By Manufacturer share 4. Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Overview, 2019-2026 4.1. Market Dynamics 4.1.1. Drivers 4.1.1.1. Global 4.1.1.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.2. Restraints 4.1.2.1. Global 4.1.2.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.3. Opportunities 4.1.3.1. Global 4.1.3.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.4. Challenges 4.1.4.1. Global 4.1.4.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.5. Industry Trends and Emerging Technologies 4.1.6. Porters Five Forces Analysis 4.1.6.1. Threat of New Entrants 4.1.6.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers 4.1.6.3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers 4.1.6.4. Threat of Substitute Product Types 4.1.6.5. Intensity of Competitive Rivalry 4.1.7. Value Chain Analysis 4.1.8. Technological Roadmap 4.1.9. Regulatory landscape 4.1.10. Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market 5. Supply Side and Demand Side Indicators 6. Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast, 2019-2026 6.1 Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Size & Y-o-Y Growth Analysis 7. Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 7.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 7.1.1. Reagent & Accessories’ 7.1.2. Systems 7.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 7.2.1. Kidney Transplantation 7.2.2. Liver Transplantation 7.2.3. Heart Transplantation 7.2.4. Lung Transplantation 7.2.5. Pancreas Transplantation 7.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 7.3.1. Hospitals 7.3.2. Blood Banks 7.3.3. Transplant Centers 7.3.4. Donor Registries 7.3.5. Research Laboratories 7.4. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast by Region, 2019-2026 7.4.1. North America 7.4.2. South America 7.4.3. Europe 7.4.4. Asia Pacific 7.4.5. Middle East and Africa 8. North America Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 8.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 8.1.1. Reagent & Accessories’ 8.1.2. Systems 8.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 8.2.1. Kidney Transplantation 8.2.2. Liver Transplantation 8.2.3. Heart Transplantation 8.2.4. Lung Transplantation 8.2.5. Pancreas Transplantation 8.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 8.3.1. Hospitals 8.3.2. Blood Banks 8.3.3. Transplant Centers 8.3.4. Donor Registries 8.3.5. Research Laboratories 9. North America Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, By Country 9.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2019-2026 9.1.1. US 9.1.2. Canada 9.1.3. Mexico 10. U.S. Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 10.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 10.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 10.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 11. Canada Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 11.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 11.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 11.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 12. Mexico Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 12.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 12.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 12.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 13. Europe Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 13.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 13.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 13.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 14. Europe Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, By Country 14.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2019-2026 14.1.1. U.K 14.1.2. France 14.1.3. Germany 14.1.4. Italy 14.1.5. Spain 14.1.6. Sweden 14.1.7. CIS Countries 14.1.8. Rest of Europe 15. U.K. Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 15.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 15.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 15.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 16. France Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 16.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 16.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 16.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 17. Germany Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 17.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 17.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 17.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 18. Italy Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 18.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 18.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 18.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 19. Spain Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 19.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 19.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 19.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 20. Sweden Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 20.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 20.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 20.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 21. CIS Countries Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 21.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 21.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 21.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 22. Rest of Europe Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 22.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 22.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 22.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 23. Asia Pacific Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 23.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 23.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 23.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 24. Asia Pacific Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country 24.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2019-2026 24.1.1. China 24.1.2. India 24.1.3. Japan 24.1.4. South Korea 24.1.5. Australia 24.1.6. ASEAN 24.1.7. Rest of Asia Pacific 25. China Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 25.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 25.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 25.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 26. India Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 26.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 26.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 26.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 27. Japan Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 27.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 27.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 27.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 28. South Korea Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 28.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 28.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 28.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 29. Australia Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 29.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 29.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 29.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 30. ASEAN Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 30.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 30.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 30.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 31. Rest of Asia Pacific Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 31.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 31.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 31.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 32. Middle East Africa Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 32.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 32.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 32.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 33. Middle East Africa Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country 33.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast by Country, 2019-2026 33.1.1. South Africa 33.1.2. GCC Countries 33.1.3. Egypt 33.1.4. Nigeria 33.1.5. Rest of ME&A 34. South Africa Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 34.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 34.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 34.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 35. GCC Countries Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 35.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 35.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 35.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 36. Egypt Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 36.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 36.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 36.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 37. Nigeria Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 37.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 37.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 37.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 38. Rest of ME&A Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 38.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 38.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 38.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 39. South America Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 39.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 39.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 39.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 40. South America Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country 40.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast by Country, 2019-2026 40.1.1. Brazil 40.1.2. Argentina 40.1.3. Rest of South America 41. Brazil Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 41.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 41.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 41.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 42. Argentina Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 42.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 42.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 42.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 43. Rest of South America Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2019-2026 43.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product, 2019-2026 43.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2019-2026 43.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End User, 2019-2026 44. Competitive Landscape 44.1. Geographic Footprint of Major Players in the Global Serological Transplant Diagnostics Market 44.2. Competition Matrix 44.2.1. Competitive Benchmarking of Key Players By Price, Presence, Market Share, End Users and R&D Investment 44.2.2. New Product Type Launches and Product Type Enhancements 44.2.3. Market Consolidation 44.2.3.1. M&A by Regions, Investment and Verticals 44.2.3.2. M&A, Forward Integration and Backward Integration 44.2.3.3. Partnership, Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances/ Sales Agreements 44.3. Company Profile : Key Players 44.3.1. Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. 44.3.1.1. Company Overview 44.3.1.2. Financial Overview 44.3.1.3. Geographic Footprint 44.3.1.4. Product Type Portfolio 44.3.1.5. Business Strategy 44.3.1.6. Recent Developments 45.3.2 Immucor 45.3.3 Siemens Healthineers 45.3.4 Ortho Clinical Diagnostics 45.3.5 Thermo Fisher Scientific 45.3.6 Agena Bioscience 45.3.7 AVIOQ 45.3.8 BAG Healthcare 45.3.9 BD 45.3.10 Beckman Coulter 45.3.11 Biogenuix 45.3.12 DIAGAST 45.3.13 Grifols 45.3.14 Hemo bioscience 45.3.15 Institut de Biotechnologies 46 Primary Key Insights
  • INQUIRE BEFORE BUYING