Corneal Topographers Market size is expected to grow at 5.2% throughout the forecast period, reaching nearly US$ 1102.22 Mn. by 2030.Corneal Topographers Market Overview:
The cornea is a transparent dome-shaped covering of the eye that protects the pupil, iris, and anterior chamber. The cornea, in conjunction with the anterior chamber of the eye and the lens, is responsible for more than 70% of the eye's optical power. Corneal topography devices provide a complete analysis that can be used to diagnose, monitor, and treat a variety of eye problems.To know about the Research Methodology :- Request Free Sample Report
Corneal Topographers Market Dynamics:
The rising prevalence of cataract eye problems is the major factor driving the market growth. The rising number of people with cataract-related eye problems and refractive error is a primary element driving the corneal topographer market. Furthermore, with the growing prevalence of cataract and refractive error disorders worldwide, the market is predicted to grow positively, as the corneal topographer is an important imaging instrument for evaluating pre and post cataract and refractive error surgeries. Major factors driving the market for corneal topographers include the increasing prevalence and incidence of age-associated ophthalmic conditions coupled with the rising number of government initiatives to create awareness for early detection, prevention, and treatment of these conditions. Around 253 million people worldwide have vision impairment, 36 million are blind, and 217 million have moderate to severe visual impairment, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) factsheet from 2021. Furthermore, statistics show that refractive errors are the leading cause of visual impairment and the second leading cause of vision loss worldwide, accounting for 43% of all visual impairments. Furthermore, increased technological advancements in corneal topography have resulted in a sharp increase in a wide range of applications such as diagnosis for various disorders such as corneal astigmatism, assessment for the implantation of a toric IOL, and cataract surgery evaluation, all of which are expected to drive the global corneal topographers market growth over the forecasted period. Complications and post-surgery errors associated with LASIK operations to correct the refractive defect, on the other hand, may restrain the market growth. According to research published by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2022, 45 per cent of refractive error procedures result in some sort of mistake. The report has profiled seventeen key players in the market from different regions. However, the report has considered all market leaders, followers and new entrants with investors while analyzing the market and estimation the size of the same. Increasing R&D activities in each region are different and focus is given on the regional impact on the cost, availability of advanced technology are analyzed and report has come up with recommendations for a future hot spot in APAC region.Corneal Topographers Market Segment Analysis:
The Global Corneal Topographers Market is segmented on the basis of Product Type, Application and Distribution Channel. Based on Product Type, the Placido Disc System held a dominant market share in 2023. In comparison to other approaches, this technique is effective in diagnosing and monitoring corneal disorders. It aids the practitioner in obtaining precise information on the cornea's shape. These devices are also utilised in contact lens fitting, post-keratoplasty, keratoconus, and other procedures. The Placido disc system has the biggest market share since it was one of the first technologies available to corneal topographers. During the forecasted period, the Scheimpflug system segment is predicted to develop at the fastest rate in the corneal topographers market. High cornea resolution, measuring corneas with severe abnormalities, such as keratoconus, and the capacity to calculate pachymetry are all advantages of Scheimpflug imaging. Higher-order aberrations can be detected using corneal wavefront analysis, which is included in the device. Based on Application, the Refractive Surgery Evaluation segment is expected to grow at a faster rate during the forecast period. This dominance is due to increased demand to fulfil the global increase in untreated refractive error and corneal opacity cases. Furthermore, cataract surgery is becoming the primary treatment for restoring vision in those who have cataracts. According to World Health Organization (WHO) global estimates for 2023, about 123.7 million persons have vision impairment owing to uncorrected refractive error, 65.2 million have cataracts, 6.9 million have glaucoma, and 4.2 million have corneal opacities.Corneal Topographers Market Regional Insights:
North America dominates the global market and is expected to continue the dominance throughout the forecast period. Due to an increase in the rates of limbal dermoid, Corneal pterygium, and localised corneal scarring, as well as the rapid growth of the elderly population in the region, North America is predicted to lead the overall corneal topographers market throughout the projection period. Because of factors such as favourable reimbursements and government and non-government measures to stimulate research and innovation in the region, North America dominates the corneal topographers industry. Furthermore, as ophthalmologists' preferences for private-pay models grow, practitioners will have more leeway to invest in innovative screening technology. The Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) cut reimbursement rates for cataract procedures by 15% in July of this year. APAC is expected to witness lucrative growth during the forecast period. The region's strong growth rate can be ascribed to a number of causes, including an increase in overseas patients seeking cheap treatment in Asian countries, increased market penetration by market participants in developing countries, and government measures supporting ophthalmic care. Due to the high number of cataract patients and the corresponding rise in cataract procedures, Asia Pacific is likely to see positive market expansion. According to a 2015 study published in Advanced Medical and Health Research, the overall prevalence of blindness is 1.1%, with cataract (62.6%) accounting for almost 9 million persons. The report also helps in understanding the Global Corneal Topographers Market dynamics, structure by analyzing the market segments and project the Global Corneal Topographers Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players by product, price, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Global Corneal Topographers Market make the report investor’s guide.Corneal Topographers Market Scope: Inquire before buying
Corneal Topographers Market Report Coverage Details Base Year: 2023 Forecast Period: 2024-2030 Historical Data: 2018 to 2023 Market Size in 2023: US $ 772.96 Mn. Forecast Period 2024 to 2030 CAGR: 5.2% Market Size in 2030: US $ 1102.22 Mn. Segments Covered: by Product Type Placido Disc System Scanning Slit System Scheimpflug System by Application Refractive Surgery Evaluation Cataract Surgery Evaluation Corneal Disorder Diagnosis Contact Lens Fitting Others by Distribution Channel Eye Clinics Hospitals Others Corneal Topographers Market, by Region
Asia Pacific (China, South Korea, Japan, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Rest of APAC) Europe (UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Austria and Rest of Europe) North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) Middle East and Africa (South Africa, GCC, Egypt, Nigeria and Rest of ME&A) South America (Brazil, Argentina Rest of South America)Corneal Topographers Market Key Players
1. NIDEK CO., LTD. 2. OCULUS, Inc. 3. Topcon Medical Systems, Inc. 4. Carl Zeiss AG 5. Cassini 6. Aeon Imaging, LLC. 7. Optos plc 8. Ziemer Group AG 9. MEDMONT INTERNATIONAL PTY LTD 10.OPTIKON 2000 SpA 11.Eyenuk Inc. 12.CW Optics 13.OcuSciences, Inc. 14.ZISS International 15.TOMEY CORPORATION 16.EyeSys Vision 17.Tracey Technologies Frequently Asked Questions: 1. Which region has the largest share in Global Corneal Topographers Market? Ans: North America region held the highest share in 2023. 2. What is the growth rate of Global Corneal Topographers Market? Ans: The Global Corneal Topographers Market is growing at a CAGR of 5.2% during forecasting period 2024-2030. 3. What is scope of the Global Corneal Topographers Market report? Ans: Global Corneal Topographers Market report helps with the PESTEL, PORTER, COVID-19 Impact analysis, Recommendations for Investors & Leaders, and market estimation of the forecast period. 4. Who are the key players in Global Corneal Topographers Market? Ans: The important key players in the Global Corneal Topographers Market are – NIDEK CO., LTD., OCULUS, Inc., Topcon Medical Systems, Inc., Carl Zeiss AG, Cassini, Aeon Imaging, LLC., Optos plc, Ziemer Group AG, MEDMONT INTERNATIONAL PTY LTD, OPTIKON 2000 SpA, Eyenuk Inc., CW Optics, OcuSciences, Inc., ZISS International, TOMEY CORPORATION, EyeSys Vision, Tracey Technologies, and 5. What is the study period of this Market? Ans: The Global Corneal Topographers Market is studied from 2023 to 2030
1.Preface 1.1. Market Definition and Key Research Objectives 1.2. Research Highlights 2. Assumptions and Research Methodology 2.1. Report Assumptions 2.2. Abbreviations 2.3. Research Methodology 2.3.1. Secondary Research 2.3.1.1. Secondary data 2.3.1.2. Secondary Sources 2.3.2. Primary Research 2.3.2.1. Data from Primary Sources 2.3.2.2. Breakdown of Primary Sources 3. Executive Summary: Global Corneal Topographers Market Size, by Market Value (US$ Mn) 3.1. Global Market Segmentation 3.2. Global Market Segmentation Share Analysis, 2023 3.2.1. Global 3.2.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 3.3. Geographical Snapshot of the Corneal Topographers Market 3.4. Geographical Snapshot of the Corneal Topographers Market, By Manufacturer share 4. Global Corneal Topographers Market Overview, 2023-2030 4.1. Market Dynamics 4.1.1. Drivers 4.1.1.1. Global 4.1.1.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.2. Restraints 4.1.2.1. Global 4.1.2.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.3. Opportunities 4.1.3.1. Global 4.1.3.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.4. Challenges 4.1.4.1. Global 4.1.4.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.5. Industry Trends and Emerging Technologies 4.1.6. Porters Five Forces Analysis 4.1.6.1. Threat of New Entrants 4.1.6.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers 4.1.6.3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers 4.1.6.4. Threat of Substitute Products 4.1.6.5. Intensity of Competitive Rivalry 4.1.7. Value Chain Analysis 4.1.8. Technological Roadmap 4.1.9. Regulatory landscape 4.1.10. Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Global Corneal Topographers Market 5. Supply Side and Demand Side Indicators 6. Global Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023-2030 6.1. Global Corneal Topographers Market Size & Y-o-Y Growth Analysis. 7. Global Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 7.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 7.1.1. Placido Disc System 7.1.2. Scanning Slit System 7.1.3. Scheimpflug System 7.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 7.2.1. Refractive Surgery Evaluation 7.2.2. Cataract Surgery Evaluation 7.2.3. Corneal Disorder Diagnosis 7.2.4. Contact Lens Fitting 7.2.5. Others 7.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 7.3.1. Eye Clinics 7.3.2. Hospitals 7.3.3. Others 8. Global Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, By Region 8.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Region, 2023-2030 8.1.1. North America 8.1.2. Europe 8.1.3. Asia-Pacific 8.1.4. Middle East & Africa 8.1.5. South America 9. North America Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 9.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 9.1.1. Placido Disc System 9.1.2. Scanning Slit System 9.1.3. Scheimpflug System 9.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 9.2.1. Refractive Surgery Evaluation 9.2.2. Cataract Surgery Evaluation 9.2.3. Corneal Disorder Diagnosis 9.2.4. Contact Lens Fitting 9.2.5. Others 9.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 9.3.1. Eye Clinics 9.3.2. Hospitals 9.3.3. Others 10. North America Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, By Country 10.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2023-2030 10.1.1. US 10.1.2. Canada 10.1.3. Mexico 11. U.S. Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 11.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 11.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 11.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 12. Canada Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 12.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 12.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 12.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 13. Mexico Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 13.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 13.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 13.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 14. Europe Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 14.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 14.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 14.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 15. Europe Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, By Country 15.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2023-2030 15.1.1. U.K 15.1.2. France 15.1.3. Germany 15.1.4. Italy 15.1.5. Spain 15.1.6. Sweden 15.1.7. CIS Countries 15.1.8. Rest of Europe 16. U.K. Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 16.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 16.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 16.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 17. France Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 17.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 17.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 17.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 18. Germany Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 18.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 18.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 18.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 19. Italy Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 19.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 19.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 19.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 20. Spain Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 20.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 20.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 20.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 21. Sweden Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 21.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 21.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 21.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 22. CIS Countries Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 22.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 22.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 22.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 23. Rest of Europe Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 23.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 23.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 23.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 24. Asia Pacific Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 24.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 24.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 24.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 25. Asia Pacific Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country 25.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2023-2030 25.1.1. China 25.1.2. India 25.1.3. Japan 25.1.4. South Korea 25.1.5. Australia 25.1.6. ASEAN 25.1.7. Rest of Asia Pacific 26. China Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 26.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 26.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 26.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 27. India Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 27.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 27.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 27.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 28. Japan Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 28.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 28.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 28.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 29. South Korea Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 29.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 29.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 29.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 30. Australia Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 30.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 30.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 30.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 31. ASEAN Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 31.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 31.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 31.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 32. Rest of Asia Pacific Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 32.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 32.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 32.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 33. Middle East Africa Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 33.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 33.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 33.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 34. Middle East Africa Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country 34.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast by Country, 2023-2030 34.1.1. South Africa 34.1.2. GCC Countries 34.1.3. Egypt 34.1.4. Nigeria 34.1.5. Rest of ME&A 35. South Africa Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 35.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 35.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 35.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 36. GCC Countries Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 36.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 36.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 36.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 37. Egypt Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 37.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 37.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 37.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 38. Nigeria Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 38.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 38.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 38.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 39. Rest of ME&A Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 39.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 39.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 39.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 40. South America Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 40.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 40.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 40.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 41. South America Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country 41.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast by Country, 2023-2030 41.1.1. Brazil 41.1.2. Argentina 41.1.3. Rest of South America 42. Brazil Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 42.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 42.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 42.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 43. Argentina Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 43.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 43.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 43.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 44. Rest of South America Corneal Topographers Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2023-2030 44.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2023-2030 44.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2023-2030 44.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2023-2030 45. Competitive Landscape 45.1. Geographic Footprint of Major Players in the Global Corneal Topographers Market 45.2. Competition Matrix 45.2.1. Competitive Benchmarking of Key Players By Price, Presence, Market Share, Applications and R&D Investment 45.2.2. New Product Launches and Product Enhancements 45.2.3. Market Consolidation 45.2.3.1. M&A by Regions, Investment and Verticals 45.2.3.2. M&A, Forward Integration and Backward Integration 45.2.3.3. Partnership, Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances/ Sales Agreements 45.3. Company Profile : Key Players 45.3.1. NIDEK CO., LTD. 45.3.1.1. Company Overview 45.3.1.2. Financial Overview 45.3.1.3. Geographic Footprint 45.3.1.4. Product Portfolio 45.3.1.5. Business Strategy 45.3.1.6. Recent Developments 45.3.2. OCULUS, Inc. 45.3.3. Topcon Medical Systems, Inc. 45.3.4. Carl Zeiss AG 45.3.5. Cassini 45.3.6. Aeon Imaging, LLC. 45.3.7. Optos plc 45.3.8. Ziemer Group AG 45.3.9. MEDMONT INTERNATIONAL PTY LTD 45.3.10. OPTIKON 2000 SpA 45.3.11. Eyenuk Inc. 45.3.12. CW Optics 45.3.13. OcuSciences, Inc. 45.3.14. ZISS International 45.3.15. TOMEY CORPORATION 45.3.16. EyeSys Vision 45.3.17. Tracey Technologies 46. Primary Key Insights