Sodium Malate Market – Global Industry Analysis and Forecast (2022-2029)


Sodium Malate Market is expected to reach US$ 809.04 Mn. by 2029, at a CAGR of 4.10% during the forecast period.

The global Sodium Malate market report is a comprehensive analysis of the industry, market, and key players. The report has covered the market by demand and supply-side by segments. The global Sodium Malate market report also provides trends by market segments, technology, and investment with a competitive landscape.

Sodium Malate MarketTo know about the Research Methodology:- Request Free Sample Report

Sodium Malate Market Overview

The sodium Malate market was estimated at US$ 586.63 Mn in 2021, which is a growing CAGR of 4.10%. Sodium malate is an organic acid that is extracted from malic acid of sodium salt. Malic acid is an organic compound that is produced by the fermentation of natural sugar. Sodium malate has a broad range and variety of applications, the most significant of those are in the personal care and food industry.

In the sector of food, sodium malate has been used as a dietary supplement which not only aims to enhance the flavorings and appeal of foodstuffs, but it also helps to prolong the shelf life of processed foods by behaving as a flavor enhance acid and also as an acidic regulator.

Rapid and developing urbanization has resulted in massive R&D in the chemical sector. Several by-products and substances are extracted from main chemical formulations as a result of ongoing advancement. Sodium malate is also used in the cosmetic industry where it is used in personal care products. Changing lifestyle, rising demand and increase in disposable income has raised the growth of sodium malate in the cosmetic industry also because of its various beneficial advantages for the skin.

Sodium Malate Market Dynamics

The growing usage of processed food products from around the world has been one of the major factors driving the sodium malate market. The increased demand by the young population across the globe for fruit juices, distilled spirits, and smoothies are the major factor that is driving the market growth. Moreover, the growing health-conscious people, as well as the demand for low-calorie drinks, are also propelling most firms to produce innovative brands. This has led to the use of sodium malate in soft drink processing and handling that has resulted in higher beverage production.

An increase in the demand for sodium malate in the cosmetic sector has also driven the market. As malic Acid contains Alpha-Hydroxy Acid (AHAs) which are naturally occurring acids with applications that range from skin hydrating to the lowering of wrinkles to deep chemically cleansing of the skin. They perform by rinsing the skin and accelerating up the normal skin cell revitalization cycle and keeps skin in good condition.

However, significant side effects of sodium malate like lowering of blood will affect the growth of the market. Sodium malate intake is also prohibited during pregnancy and cannot be used in baby foods, therefore having an information label indicating how much amount needs to be consumed and by whom is expected to hinder the overall growth of the sodium malate market.

Sodium Malate Market Segment Analysis

 

By end-user the food and beverage segment is growing at a CAGR of 5% is expected to increase in the forecast period 2022-2029. The increased use of sodium malate as a food additive, flavoring agent has given rise to the segment of Food and Beverages across the globe. Sodium malate is also used in a wide range of food products such as cakes, pizzas, pieces of bread, pastries it helps in giving this food its standard shape and taste. The Food & Beverage segment is anticipated to hold the largest market share by 2029.

The cosmetic and personal care segment held the largest market share in 2021 and will continue to do so. Due to sodium malate’s continuous and improving use for skin-related issue especially by women. Sodium malate helps in reducing wrinkles from the skin and gently cleaning of skin will help in removing dead skin cells this allows the skin to take in more oxygen and have it natural glowing look. It intensifies the skin developing cycle.

By application, the segment of flavoring agent in the food sector is anticipated to boost the overall market growth. As a flavoring agent sodium malate adds flavor to the soft drinks giving a sweet taste. With the increase in the population, the demand for flavored drinks has increased, which in turn has given the rise in the usage of innovative methods of using sodium malate in the sector. Thus giving more opportunity in acquiring more market share. The segment of flavoring agent held the major share in the application segment in 2021 and is estimated to lead in future as well.

Sodium Malate Market Regional Insights:

Asia-Pacific region has accounted for the largest sodium malate market share of more than 33% in 2021. The main reason behind this is because of major corporations present in the area. The growing disposable income and rise in the demand for the cosmetic product in a woman plus much other innovation in the cosmetic products sector have assisted in the regional market growth. China, India and Japan are the major countries in the Asia Pacific region that are leading market and helping in overall growth.

North America region holds the largest market share for food and beverages. Due to an increase in the usage of sodium malate in food items such as cake and pizza and beverages like soft drinks. This has contributed majorly to the growth of the market in the region. With the adaptation of innovative methods of processing sodium malate by the regions market leader assisted the market growth. USA, Mexico and Canada are the major countries in the region where the usage of sodium malate in the food and beverage segment has increased.

The European region is expected to grow in the coming years due to the usage of sodium malate as the acidic regulator in the region. Sodium malate helps in reducing the acidity level of soft drinks making them sweet in taste. Sodium malate contains Ph which regulates the acidity level in beverages. Germany, France and Italy are the leading countries in the region where the increased population has increased the demand for sodium malate and boosting the market growth in the region. ME&A has shown steady signs of development in the market due to the limited availability of sources and slow-growing demand for the product in the region.

The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive analysis of the Global Sodium Malate market to the stakeholders in the industry. The past and current status of the industry with the forecasted market size and trends are presented in the report with the analysis of complicated data in simple language. The report covers all the aspects of the industry with a dedicated study of key players that include market leaders, followers, and new entrants.

PORTER, SVOR, PESTEL analysis with the potential impact of micro-economic factors of the market have been presented in the report. External as well as internal factors that are supposed to affect the business positively or negatively have been analysed, which will give a clear futuristic view of the industry to the decision-makers.

The report also helps in understanding the Global Sodium Malate Market dynamics, structure by analyzing the market segments and project the Global Sodium Malate Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players by product, price, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Global Sodium Malate Market make the report investor’s guide.

Sodium Malate Market Scope: Inquire before buying






Global Sodium Malate Market




Report Coverage
Details




Base Year:
2021
Forecast Period:
2022-2029




Historical Data:
2017 to 2021
Market Size in 2021:
US$ 586.63 Mn.




Forecast Period 2022 to 2029 CAGR:
4.10%
Market Size in 2029:
US$ 809.04 Mn.




 Segments Covered:
by Product Type
• Monosodium Malate
• Disodium Malate




by End-User Industry
• Food & Beverages
• Personal Care & Cosmetics
• Animal Feed




by Application
• Flavoring Agent
• Acidity Regulators
• Humectant.






Sodium Malate Market, by Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Middle East and Africa
• South America

Sodium Malate Market Key Players:

• Sigma-Aldrich Corporation
• Avantor Inc.,
• Dr.Paul Lohmann Gmbh KG
• Carbosynth Ltd
• Tokyo Chemical Industry Co Ltd
• BOC Sciences
• MP Biomedicals LLC
• Muby Chemicals
• Penta Manufacturing Company
• Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.
• BOC Sciences
• Carbosynth Ltd.
• ChemNet
• Fuso Chemical Co. Ltd.
• Muby Chemicals

Frequently Asked Questions:

1. Which region has the largest share in Global Sodium Malate Market?
Ans: Asia Pacific region held the highest share in 2021.

2. What is the growth rate of Global Sodium Malate Market?
Ans: The Global Sodium Malate Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.10% during forecasting period 2022-2029.

3. What is scope of the Global Sodium Malate market report?
Ans: Global Sodium Malate Market report helps with the PESTEL, PORTER, COVID-19 Impact analysis, Recommendations for Investors & Leaders, and market estimation of the forecast period.

4. Who are the key players in Global Sodium Malate market?
Ans: The important key players in the Global Sodium Malate Market are – Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, Avantor Inc.,, Dr.Paul Lohmann Gmbh KG, Carbosynth Ltd, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co Ltd, BOC Sciences, MP Biomedicals LLC, Muby Chemicals, Penta Manufacturing Company, Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., BOC Sciences, Carbosynth Ltd., ChemNet, Fuso Chemical Co. Ltd., and Muby Chemicals.

5. What is the study period of this market?
Ans: The Global Sodium Malate Market is studied from 2021 to 2029. 




1. Preface
1.1. Market Definition and Key Research Objectives
1.2. Research Highlights
2. Assumptions and Research Methodology
2.1. Report Assumptions
2.2. Abbreviations
2.3. Research Methodology
2.3.1. Secondary Research
2.3.1.1. Secondary data
2.3.1.2. Secondary Sources
2.3.2. Primary Research
2.3.2.1. Data from Primary Sources
2.3.2.2. Breakdown of Primary Sources
3. Executive Summary: Global Sodium Malate Market Size, by Market Value (US$ Mn)
3.1. Global Market Segmentation
3.2. Global Market Segmentation Share Analysis, 2021
3.2.1. Global
3.2.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa)
3.3. Geographical Snapshot of the Sodium Malate Products Market
3.4. Geographical Snapshot of the Sodium Malate Products Market, By Manufacturer share
4. Global Sodium Malate Market Overview, 2021-2029
4.1. Market Dynamics
4.1.1. Drivers
4.1.1.1. Global
4.1.1.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa)
4.1.2. Restraints
4.1.2.1. Global
4.1.2.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa)
4.1.3. Opportunities
4.1.3.1. Global
4.1.3.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa)
4.1.4. Challenges
4.1.4.1. Global
4.1.4.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa)
4.1.5. Industry Trends and Emerging Technologies
4.1.6. Porters Five Forces Analysis
4.1.6.1. Threat of New Entrants
4.1.6.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers
4.1.6.3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.1.6.4. Threat of Substitute Products
4.1.6.5. Intensity of Competitive Rivalry
4.1.7. Value Chain Analysis
4.1.8. Technological Roadmap
4.1.9. Regulatory landscape
4.1.10. Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Global Sodium Malate Market
5. Supply Side and Demand Side Indicators
6. Global Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecast, 2021-2029
6.1 Sodium Malate Market Size & Y-o-Y Growth Analysis
7. Global Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
7.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
7.1.1. Monosodium Malate
7.1.2. Disodium Malate
7.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
7.2.1. Food & Beverages
7.2.2. Personal Care & Cosmetics
7.2.3. Animal Feed
7.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
7.3.1. Flavoring Agent
7.3.2. Acidity Regulators
7.3.3. Humectant.
7.4. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast by Region, 2021-2029
7.4.1. North America
7.4.2. Europe
7.4.3. Asia Pacific
7.4.4. Middle East and Africa
7.4.5. South America
8. North America Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
8.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
8.1.1. Monosodium Malate
8.1.2. Disodium Malate
8.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
8.2.1. Food & Beverages
8.2.2. Personal Care & Cosmetics
8.2.3. Animal Feed
8.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
8.3.1. Flavoring Agent
8.3.2. Acidity Regulators
8.3.3. Humectant
9. North America Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, By Country
9.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2021-2029
9.1.1. US
9.1.2. Canada
9.1.3. Mexico
10. U.S. Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
10.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
10.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
10.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
11. Canada Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
11.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
11.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
11.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
12. Mexico Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
12.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
12.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
12.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
13. Europe Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
13.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
13.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
13.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
14. Europe Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, By Country
14.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2021-2029
14.1.1. U.K
14.1.2. France
14.1.3. Germany
14.1.4. Italy
14.1.5. Spain
14.1.6. Sweden
14.1.7. CIS Countries
14.1.8. Rest of Europe
15. U.K. Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
15.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
15.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
15.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
16. France Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
16.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
16.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
16.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
17. Germany Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
17.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
17.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
17.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
18. Italy Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
18.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
18.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
18.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
19. Spain Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
19.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
19.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
19.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
20. Sweden Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
20.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
20.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
20.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
21. CIS Countries Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
21.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
21.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
21.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
22. Rest of Europe Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
22.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
22.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
22.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
23. Asia Pacific Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
23.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
23.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
23.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
24. Asia Pacific Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country
24.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2021-2029
24.1.1. China
24.1.2. India
24.1.3. Japan
24.1.4. South Korea
24.1.5. Australia
24.1.6. ASEAN
24.1.7. Rest of Asia Pacific
25. China Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
25.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
25.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
25.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
26. India Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
26.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
26.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
26.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
27. Japan Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
27.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
27.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
27.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
28. South Korea Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
28.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
28.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
28.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
29. Australia Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
29.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
29.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
29.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
29.4. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Region, 2021-2029
30. ASEAN Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
30.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
30.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
30.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
31. Rest of Asia Pacific Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
31.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
31.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
31.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
32. Middle East Africa Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
32.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
32.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
32.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
33. Middle East Africa Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country
33.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast by Country, 2021-2029
33.1.1. South Africa
33.1.2. GCC Countries
33.1.3. Egypt
33.1.4. Nigeria
33.1.5. Rest of ME&A
34. South Africa Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
34.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
34.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
34.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
35. GCC Countries Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
35.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
35.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
35.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
36. Egypt Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
36.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
36.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
36.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
37. Nigeria Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
37.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
37.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
37.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
38. Rest of ME&A Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
38.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
38.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
38.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
39. South America Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
39.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
39.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
39.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
40. South America Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country
40.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast by Country, 2021-2029
40.1.1. Brazil
40.1.2. Argentina
40.1.3. Rest of South America
41. Brazil Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
41.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
41.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
41.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
42. Argentina Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
42.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
42.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
42.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
43. Rest of South America Sodium Malate Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029
43.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Product Type, 2021-2029
43.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By End-User Industry, 2021-2029
43.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Application, 2021-2029
44. Competitive Landscape
44.1. Geographic Footprint of Major Players in the Global Sodium Malate Market
44.2. Competition Matrix
44.2.1. Competitive Benchmarking of Key Players By Price, Presence, Market Share, Applications and R&D Investment
44.2.2. New Product Launches and Product Enhancements
44.2.3. Market Consolidation
44.2.3.1. M&A by Regions, Investment and Verticals
44.2.3.2. M&A, Forward Integration and Backward
Integration
44.2.3.3. Partnership, Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances/ Sales Agreements
44.3. Company Profile : Key Players
44.3.1. Sigma-Aldrich Corporation
44.3.1.1. Company Overview
44.3.1.2. Financial Overview
44.3.1.3. Geographic Footprint
44.3.1.4. Product Portfolio
44.3.1.5. Business Strategy
44.3.1.6. Recent Developments
45.3.2 Avantor Inc.,
45.3.3 Dr.Paul Lohmann Gmbh KG
45.3.4 Carbosynth Ltd
45.3.5 Tokyo Chemical Industry Co Ltd
45.3.6 BOC Sciences
45.3.7 MP Biomedicals LLC
45.3.8 Muby Chemicals
45.3.9 Penta Manufacturing Company
45.3.10 Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.
45.3.11 BOC Sciences
45.3.12 Carbosynth Ltd.
45.3.13 ChemNet
45.3.14 Fuso Chemical Co. Ltd.
45.3.15 Muby Chemicals
46 Primary Key Insights
  • INQUIRE BEFORE BUYING