Meat Market size was valued at $ 1029.46 Bn. in 2023 and the total revenue is expected to grow at 7.1% through 2024 to 2030, reaching nearly $ 1663.94 Bn.Meat Market Overview:
Fresh meat is usually characterized as meat which has not undergone any special processing prior to being sold. Any meat that has been modified in some way to increase its flavor or extend its shelf life is considered processed meat. Processed food consumption leads to an increase in cholesterol and fat levels in the body, forcing the consumer to adopt an unhealthy lifestyle. Increasing obesity rates are raising awareness about the dangers of eating processed foods, putting a strain on demand for fresh processed meat products. Fresh meat is dominate the market because many consumers are trying to avoid processed meat for their disadvantages and as unhealthy meat food.To know about the Research Methodology :- Request Free Sample Report
Meat Market Dynamics:
The market's growth is fueled by the availability of processed meat at reasonable prices. Market growth is being fueled by an increase in the number of women working around the world, particularly in emerging economies, as well as an increase in disposable money. Government regulations on the techniques used to prepare meat and the manufacturing of these goods, as well as increased health concerns related to red meat consumption, are restricting market growth. The market's growth has been hampered by rising demand for healthier foods and the increased acceptance of vegan and vegetarian diets. Market opportunities are created by the rising development and usage of innovative meat processing technology. Additionally, industry participants are introducing less expensive and label-friendly processed meat products on e-commerce platforms, which is creating lucrative opportunities in the market. The rise of the fresh meat market is driven by growing meat consumption. Meat consumption in Australia has increased by 58% over the last 20 years, reaching 360 million tones, according to figures from the Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Spain's per capita meat consumption was 46.2 kg in 2023, with chicken being the most popular fresh meat. According to a research published in the international journal, red meat, processed meat, and chicken consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease by 3-7 %, as well as the chance of death from any cause by 3%. Customers have shifted to vegan options for better health as a result of the poor health conditions associated with meat eating, negatively impacting the fresh meat packaging sector.Meat Market Segment Analysis:
Based on type, Global Meat Market is segmented in to the Fresh Meat and Processed Meat. The Global Fresh Meat Market was estimated at USD xx billion in 2023, with (CAGR) of 2.7% predicted from 2024 to 2030. The growth is likely to be fueled by rising consumption of fresh meat products such as pork and beef. Fresh meat has a shorter shelf life and requires packaging that provides for sufficient oxygen to keep its color. The Global Processed meat market was accounted at USD 563.94 Bn. in 2023 and projected to reach USD 752.15 by 2030 with increasing CAGR 4.2% during the forecast period. Based on Products, the Global Meat Market is segmented into Poultry, Pork, Goat & Lamb and Seafood. The Poultry segment is dominated the Global Meat Market in the year 2023. Poultry segment is held the market share of 4.7% in the year 2023, and its further expected to grow at CAGR 9.5% during the forecast period. Global Meat Market of Lamb and Goat segment, China Europe, Canada drive the 1.1% of CAGR estimated for this segment. This market accounting for combined market size of xx Mn. Metric tons in the year 2023 and estimated to reach market size of 11.3 metric tons during the forecast period. Sea food held the market of 5.4% in the year 2023 and it expected to grow around 8% by the end of year. Based on Application, Global pork market is segmented by application as Super Market Convenience Store, Independent Retailer and Others. The Super Market segment held the market share of 65% in 2023.The Independent Retailer segment dominated the Global Market in 2023 and reached for a revenue share of over 56% .The growth in the Convenience store application of Fresh and processed Meat can be directly contributed growing working population and the trend of consuming meals outside homes. During the outbreak of corona virus the demand for the pork meat has reduced because of consumption of pork meat has been impacted negatively. The Other segment is projected to witness a notable growth rate throughout the forecast period. This is attributed to the fact that the Independent Retailer market of fresh meat has increased considerably in Asia-PacificMeat Market Regional Insights:
Asia Pacific held the pork meat market share of 57.5% in 2023. Its expected grow up to 80% of share during the forecast period 2024-2030. The global pork meat market is growing due to changing lifestyles among people and increasing demand for meat consumption. Many countries of Asia-Pacific such as China, East Asian countries are consuming high amount of red meat which is driving the market. According to USDA foreign agriculture service, China imports account for 35% of global pork imports. In terms of pork meat production China has the highest market share, which was around 45% in 2023. In 2022, global pork production was led by China, which produced over 40 million metric tons. In 2023, North America is expected to be the most important market for meat production. In the United States and other North American countries, Chicken remains the most popular meat product. Nuggets are one of the most popular ways that chicken flesh is consumed in different countries. Consumers are looking for solutions that are handy to eat at any time, thanks to the increasing popularity of on-the-go lifestyles and snacking goods, notably in the United States. As a result, major corporations such as Tyson Food and Cargill are focusing their attention on making clean meat or cultured meat chicken nuggets to appeal to customers. The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive analysis of Global Meat Market to the stakeholders in the industry. The past and current status of the industry with the forecasted Market size and trends are presented in the report with the analysis of complicated data in simple language. The report covers all the aspects of the industry with a dedicated study of key players that include Market leaders, followers, and new entrants. PORTER, PESTEL analysis with the potential impact of micro-economic factors of the Market have been presented in the report. External as well as internal factors that are supposed to affect the business positively or negatively have been analyzed, which will give a clear futuristic view of the industry to the decision-makers. The report also helps in understanding the Global Market dynamics, structure by analyzing the Market segments and project the Global Meat Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players by Deployment, price, financial position, Deployment portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Global Meat Market make the report investor’s guide.Meat Market Scope: Inquire before buying
Global Meat Market Report Coverage Details Base Year: 2023 Forecast Period: 2024-2030 Historical Data: 2018 to 2023 Market Size in 2023: $ 1029.46 Bn. Forecast Period 2024 to 2030 CAGR: 7.1% Market Size in 2030: $ 1553.64 Bn. Segments Covered: by Type Fresh Meat Processed Meat by Product Pork Poultry Sea Food Lamb & Goat by Application Super Market Convenience Store Independent Retailers Others Meat Market, by Region
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) Europe (UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Austria and Rest of Europe) Asia Pacific (China, South Korea, Japan, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Rest of APAC) Middle East and Africa (South Africa, GCC, Egypt, Nigeria and Rest of ME&A) South America (Brazil, Argentina Rest of South America)Key Players:
1. JBS 2. NH Foods 3. Smithfield Foods 4. Cargill Incorporated 5. ConAgra Foods 6. National Beef Packing Company 7. Tyson Foods 8. Cherkizovo Group PJSC 9. OSI Group Bridgford Foods Corporation 10. China Yurun Food Group 11. Danish Crown 12. Dawn Meats 13. JBS S.A. 14. Smithfield Foods 15. Tonnies 16. Triumph Foods 17. Tyson Foods Inc. 18. Vion Food Group Ltd. Frequently Asked Questions: 1. Which region has the largest share in Global Meat Market? Ans: Asia Pacific region held the highest share in 2023. 2. What is the growth rate of Global Meat Market? Ans: The Global Meat Market is expected to growing at a CAGR of 7.1% during forecast period 2024-2030. 3. What is scope of the Global Meat market report? Ans: Global Meat Market report helps with the PESTEL, PORTER, COVID-19 Impact analysis, Recommendations for Investors & Leaders, and market estimation of the forecast period. 4. Who are the key players in Global Meat market? Ans: The important key players in the Global Meat Market are – JBS, NH Foods, Smithfield Foods, Cargill Incorporated, ConAgra Foods, National Beef Packing Company, Tyson Foods, Cherkizovo Group PJSC, OSI Group Bridgford Foods Corporation, China Yurun Food Group, Danish Crown, Dawn Meats, JBS S.A., Smithfield Foods, Tonnies, Triumph Foods, Tyson Foods Inc., and Vion Food Group Ltd. 5. What is the study period of this market? Ans: The Global Meat Market is studied from 2018 to 2030.
1. Meat Market Introduction 1.1. Study Assumption and Market Definition 1.2. Scope of the Study 1.3. Executive Summary 2. Meat Market: Dynamics 2.1. Meat Market Trends by Region 2.1.1. North America Meat Market Trends 2.1.2. Europe Meat Market Trends 2.1.3. Asia Pacific Meat Market Trends 2.1.4. Middle East and Africa Meat Market Trends 2.1.5. South America Meat Market Trends 2.2. Meat Market Dynamics by Region 2.2.1. North America 2.2.1.1. North America Meat Market Drivers 2.2.1.2. North America Meat Market Restraints 2.2.1.3. North America Meat Market Opportunities 2.2.1.4. North America Meat Market Challenges 2.2.2. Europe 2.2.2.1. Europe Meat Market Drivers 2.2.2.2. Europe Meat Market Restraints 2.2.2.3. Europe Meat Market Opportunities 2.2.2.4. Europe Meat Market Challenges 2.2.3. Asia Pacific 2.2.3.1. Asia Pacific Meat Market Drivers 2.2.3.2. Asia Pacific Meat Market Restraints 2.2.3.3. Asia Pacific Meat Market Opportunities 2.2.3.4. Asia Pacific Meat Market Challenges 2.2.4. Middle East and Africa 2.2.4.1. Middle East and Africa Meat Market Drivers 2.2.4.2. Middle East and Africa Meat Market Restraints 2.2.4.3. Middle East and Africa Meat Market Opportunities 2.2.4.4. Middle East and Africa Meat Market Challenges 2.2.5. South America 2.2.5.1. South America Meat Market Drivers 2.2.5.2. South America Meat Market Restraints 2.2.5.3. South America Meat Market Opportunities 2.2.5.4. South America Meat Market Challenges 2.3. PORTER’s Five Forces Analysis 2.4. PESTLE Analysis 2.5. Technology Roadmap 2.6. Regulatory Landscape by Region 2.6.1. North America 2.6.2. Europe 2.6.3. Asia Pacific 2.6.4. Middle East and Africa 2.6.5. South America 2.7. Key Opinion Leader Analysis For Meat Industry 2.8. Analysis of Government Schemes and Initiatives For Meat Industry 2.9. Meat Market price trend Analysis (2023-24) 2.10. Meat Market Trade Analysis 2.10.1. Global Import Analysis 2.10.1.1. Top Importer of Meat 2.10.2. Global Export Analysis 2.10.2.1. Top Exporter of Meat 2.11. Meat Production Analysis 2.12. The Global Pandemic Impact on Meat Market 3. Meat Market: Global Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation by Demand and Supply Side (by Value and Volume) 2023-2030 3.1. Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 3.1.1. Fresh Meat 3.1.2. Processed Meat 3.2. Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 3.2.1. Pork 3.2.2. Poultry 3.2.3. Sea Food 3.2.4. Lamb & Goat 3.3. Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 3.3.1. Super Market 3.3.2. Convenience Store 3.3.3. Independent Retailers 3.3.4. Others 3.4. Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Region (2023-2030) 3.4.1. North America 3.4.2. Europe 3.4.3. Asia Pacific 3.4.4. Middle East and Africa 3.4.5. South America 4. North America Meat Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value and Volume) 2023-2030 4.1. North America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 4.1.1. Fresh Meat 4.1.2. Processed Meat 4.2. North America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 4.2.1. Pork 4.2.2. Poultry 4.2.3. Sea Food 4.2.4. Lamb & Goat 4.3. North America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 4.3.1. Super Market 4.3.2. Convenience Store 4.3.3. Independent Retailers 4.3.4. Others 4.4. North America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030) 4.4.1. United States 4.4.1.1. United States Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 4.4.1.1.1. Fresh Meat 4.4.1.1.2. Processed Meat 4.4.1.2. United States Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 4.4.1.2.1. Pork 4.4.1.2.2. Poultry 4.4.1.2.3. Sea Food 4.4.1.2.4. Lamb & Goat 4.4.1.3. United States Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 4.4.1.3.1. Super Market 4.4.1.3.2. Convenience Store 4.4.1.3.3. Independent Retailers 4.4.1.3.4. Others 4.4.2. Canada 4.4.2.1. Canada Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 4.4.2.1.1. Fresh Meat 4.4.2.1.2. Processed Meat 4.4.2.2. Canada Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 4.4.2.2.1. Pork 4.4.2.2.2. Poultry 4.4.2.2.3. Sea Food 4.4.2.2.4. Lamb & Goat 4.4.2.3. Canada Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 4.4.2.3.1. Super Market 4.4.2.3.2. Convenience Store 4.4.2.3.3. Independent Retailers 4.4.2.3.4. Others 4.4.3. Mexico 4.4.3.1. Mexico Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 4.4.3.1.1. Fresh Meat 4.4.3.1.2. Processed Meat 4.4.3.2. Mexico Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 4.4.3.2.1. Pork 4.4.3.2.2. Poultry 4.4.3.2.3. Sea Food 4.4.3.2.4. Lamb & Goat 4.4.3.3. Mexico Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 4.4.3.3.1. Super Market 4.4.3.3.2. Convenience Store 4.4.3.3.3. Independent Retailers 4.4.3.3.4. Others 5. Europe Meat Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value and Volume) 2023-2030 5.1. Europe Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 5.2. Europe Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 5.3. Europe Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.4. Europe Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030) 5.4.1. United Kingdom 5.4.1.1. United Kingdom Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 5.4.1.2. United Kingdom Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 5.4.1.3. United Kingdom Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application(2023-2030) 5.4.2. France 5.4.2.1. France Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 5.4.2.2. France Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 5.4.2.3. France Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application(2023-2030) 5.4.3. Germany 5.4.3.1. Germany Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 5.4.3.2. Germany Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 5.4.3.3. Germany Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.4.4. Italy 5.4.4.1. Italy Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 5.4.4.2. Italy Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 5.4.4.3. Italy Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application(2023-2030) 5.4.5. Spain 5.4.5.1. Spain Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 5.4.5.2. Spain Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 5.4.5.3. Spain Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.4.6. Sweden 5.4.6.1. Sweden Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 5.4.6.2. Sweden Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 5.4.6.3. Sweden Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.4.7. Austria 5.4.7.1. Austria Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 5.4.7.2. Austria Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 5.4.7.3. Austria Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 5.4.8. Rest of Europe 5.4.8.1. Rest of Europe Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 5.4.8.2. Rest of Europe Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 5.4.8.3. Rest of Europe Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6. Asia Pacific Meat Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value and Volume) 2023-2030 6.1. Asia Pacific Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.2. Asia Pacific Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.3. Asia Pacific Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.4. Asia Pacific Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030) 6.4.1. China 6.4.1.1. China Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.4.1.2. China Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.4.1.3. China Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.4.2. S Korea 6.4.2.1. S Korea Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.4.2.2. S Korea Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.4.2.3. S Korea Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.4.3. Japan 6.4.3.1. Japan Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.4.3.2. Japan Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.4.3.3. Japan Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.4.4. India 6.4.4.1. India Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.4.4.2. India Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.4.4.3. India Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.4.5. Australia 6.4.5.1. Australia Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.4.5.2. Australia Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.4.5.3. Australia Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.4.6. Indonesia 6.4.6.1. Indonesia Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.4.6.2. Indonesia Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.4.6.3. Indonesia Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.4.7. Malaysia 6.4.7.1. Malaysia Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.4.7.2. Malaysia Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.4.7.3. Malaysia Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.4.8. Vietnam 6.4.8.1. Vietnam Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.4.8.2. Vietnam Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.4.8.3. Vietnam Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application(2023-2030) 6.4.9. Taiwan 6.4.9.1. Taiwan Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.4.9.2. Taiwan Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.4.9.3. Taiwan Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 6.4.10. Rest of Asia Pacific 6.4.10.1. Rest of Asia Pacific Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 6.4.10.2. Rest of Asia Pacific Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 6.4.10.3. Rest of Asia Pacific Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 7. Middle East and Africa Meat Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value and Volume) 2023-2030 7.1. Middle East and Africa Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 7.2. Middle East and Africa Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 7.3. Middle East and Africa Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 7.4. Middle East and Africa Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030) 7.4.1. South Africa 7.4.1.1. South Africa Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 7.4.1.2. South Africa Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 7.4.1.3. South Africa Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 7.4.2. GCC 7.4.2.1. GCC Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 7.4.2.2. GCC Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 7.4.2.3. GCC Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 7.4.3. Nigeria 7.4.3.1. Nigeria Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 7.4.3.2. Nigeria Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 7.4.3.3. Nigeria Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 7.4.4. Rest of ME&A 7.4.4.1. Rest of ME&A Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 7.4.4.2. Rest of ME&A Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 7.4.4.3. Rest of ME&A Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 8. South America Meat Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (by Value and Volume) 2023-2030 8.1. South America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 8.2. South America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 8.3. South America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application(2023-2030) 8.4. South America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030) 8.4.1. Brazil 8.4.1.1. Brazil Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 8.4.1.2. Brazil Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 8.4.1.3. Brazil Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 8.4.2. Argentina 8.4.2.1. Argentina Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 8.4.2.2. Argentina Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 8.4.2.3. Argentina Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 8.4.3. Rest Of South America 8.4.3.1. Rest Of South America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Type (2023-2030) 8.4.3.2. Rest Of South America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Product (2023-2030) 8.4.3.3. Rest Of South America Meat Market Size and Forecast, by Application (2023-2030) 9. Global Meat Market: Competitive Landscape 9.1. MMR Competition Matrix 9.2. Competitive Landscape 9.3. Key Players Benchmarking 9.3.1. Company Name 9.3.2. Business Segment 9.3.3. End-user Segment 9.3.4. Revenue (2023) 9.3.5. Production of 2023 9.3.6. Company Locations 9.4. Leading Meat Market Companies, by market capitalization 9.5. Analysis of Organized and Unorganized Key Players in Meat Industry 9.6. Market Structure 9.6.1. Market Leaders 9.6.2. Market Followers 9.6.3. Emerging Players 9.7. Mergers and Acquisitions Details 10. Company Profile: Key Players 10.1. JBS 10.1.1. Company Overview 10.1.2. Business Portfolio 10.1.3. Financial Overview 10.1.4. SWOT Analysis 10.1.5. Strategic Analysis 10.1.6. Scale of Operation (small, medium, and large) 10.1.7. Details on Partnership 10.1.8. Regulatory Accreditations and Certifications Received by Them 10.1.9. Awards Received by the Firm 10.1.10. Recent Developments 10.2. NH Foods 10.3. Smithfield Foods 10.4. Cargill Incorporated 10.5. ConAgra Foods 10.6. National Beef Packing Company 10.7. Tyson Foods 10.8. Cherkizovo Group PJSC 10.9. OSI Group Bridgford Foods Corporation 10.10. China Yurun Food Group 10.11. Danish Crown 10.12. Dawn Meats 10.13. JBS S.A. 10.14. Smithfield Foods 10.15. Tonnies 10.16. Triumph Foods 10.17. Tyson Foods Inc. 10.18. Vion Food Group Ltd. 11. Key Findings 12. Industry Recommendations 13. Meat Market: Research Methodology 14. Terms and Glossary