The direct electrical heating (DEH) system is used in the oil and natural gas exploration and transportation industry. Direct heating is provided to the pipeline of oil or gas to maintain its temperature. These pipelines are usually submerged in the sea for exploration, production, and transportation of oil and gas. The DEH system uses a single-phase AC current for heating the pipe. The DHE market is segmented by type of cables, application, and region. The global direct electrical heating market revenue is expected to grow at XX% from 2019 to 2027, reach US$ XX Bn. The report covers the detailed analysis global direct electrical heating industry with the classifications of the market on the product type, applications, and region. Analysis of past market dynamics from 2016 to 2019 is given in the report, which will help readers to benchmark the past trends with current market scenarios with the key players' contribution in it. The report has profiled major key players in the market from different regions. However, the report has considered all market leaders, followers, and new entrants with investors while analyzing the market and estimation the size of the same. The manufacturing environment in each region is different and focus is given on the regional impact on the cost of manufacturing, supply chain, availability of raw materials, labor cost, availability of advanced technology, trusted vendors are analyzed and the report has come up with recommendations for a future hot spot in Europe region. The major country’s policies about the oil and gas industry and its impact on DEH service providers are covered in the report.Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Dynamics:
The growth of the industrial and automobile sector, with the increasing use of oil and gas for industrial and transportation purposes, are driving the market growth in the forecast period. Increasing oil exploration activities and development in technologies in deep-sea oil exploration, fueling the Direct Electrical Heating market. The low temperature of the sea creates formation of hydrate on pipeline, which damages pipeline. The pipeline immersed in sea bed requires heating to maintain pressure & connection and prevent breakage of pipeline. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market is segmented By Types of Cables and applications. Riser cable segment is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period The riser cables are used to supply current from the platform to the pipeline placed in seabed. These types of cables are attached to pipeline with special clamps and firmly secured to handle deep water conditions. The riser cables are important in offshore oil & gas exploration and production systems. They connect sea-bed to the main production unit, which is at sea level. Nexans is supplying and assembling a record 768 optical fiber riser cable for an ocean bottom seismic sensor system to monitor reservoirs in the North Sea. The riser cables segment is expected to reach US$ XX Mn by 2027. Other types of cables are covered in the report with application, drivers, regional market size, and geographic market condition.To know about the Research Methodology :- Request Free Sample Report
Global Direct Electrical Heating Market, By Application
• Underwater oil & gas pipelines • Offshore explorations Global offshore oil and gas exploration sector is growing at a CAGR of 3.75% over the forecast period Growth in demand for oil and gas is driving the offshore and onshore exploration and production activities. Offshore exploration has a market share of xx% and is expected to reach xx% by 2027. Energy companies are competing to get mineral rights from governments or entering a concession agreement. Development in technology for processes and methods used in locating potential sites for oil and gas drilling and extraction. Driving the offshore exploration segment. However, offshore drilling is expensive than onshore drilling, also fixed rigs are more expensive than mobile rigs. The report covers the oil exploration activities by region and share of onshore and offshore exploration.Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Regional Insights
North America commands the direct electrical heating market and is estimated to reach US$ XX Bn by 2027. North America is leading the direct electrical heating market, Thanks to oil and gas developments in countries like the US and Canada. The countries in MEA, such as Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar have increased their oil production to fulfill the global demand for petroleum. European countries are investing a significant amount in direct electrical heating in the production and exploration of oil & gas. Discoveries of oil and gas reservoirs in India, China, Japan, and Australia are expected to expand the direct electrical heating market in the Asia Pacific over the forecast period. The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive analysis of the Global Direct Electrical Heating Market to the stakeholders in the industry. The past and current status of the industry with forecasted market size and trends are presented in the report with the analysis of complicated data in simple language. The report covers all the aspects of the industry with a dedicated study of key players that includes market leaders, followers, and new entrants. PORTER, SVOR, PESTEL analysis with the potential impact of micro-economic factors of the market have been presented in the report. External as well as internal factors that are supposed to affect the business positively or negatively have been analyzed, which will give a clear futuristic view of the industry to the decision-makers. The report also helps in understanding Global Direct Electrical Heating Market dynamics, structure by analyzing the market segments and project the Global Direct Electrical Heating Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players By Types of Cables, price, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Global Direct Electrical Heating Market make the report investor’s guide.Scope of the Global Direct Electrical Heating Market: Inquire before buying
Global Direct Electrical Heating Market, By Types of Cables
• Riser cables • Armored feeder cables • Piggyback cables • Integrated Protection System (IPS).Global Direct Electrical Heating Market, By Application
• Underwater oil & gas pipelines • Offshore explorationsGlobal Direct Electrical Heating Market, by Region
• Asia Pacific • North America • Europe • South America • Middle East & AfricaKey players operating in Global Direct Electrical Heating Market
• Statoil • Siemens Energy • Nexans • Saudi Aramco • SINTEF Energi AS. • Wärtsilä • ABB • Other
1. Preface 1.1. Report Scope and Market Segmentation 1.2. Research Highlights 1.3. Research Objectives 2. Assumptions and Research Methodology 2.1. Report Assumptions 2.2. Abbreviations 2.3. Research Methodology 2.3.1. Secondary Research 2.3.1.1. Secondary data 2.3.1.2. Secondary Sources 2.3.2. Primary Research 2.3.2.1. Data from Primary Sources 2.3.2.2. Breakdown of Primary Sources 3. Executive Summary: Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Size, by Market Value (US$ Mn) 4. Market Overview 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Market Indicator 4.2.1. Drivers 4.2.2. Restraints 4.2.3. Opportunities 4.2.4. Challenges 4.3. Porter’s Analysis 4.4. Value Chain Analysis 4.5. Market Risk Analysis 4.6. SWOT Analysis 4.7. Industry Trends and Emerging Technologies 5. Supply Side and Demand Side Indicators 6. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis and Forecast 6.1. Direct Electrical Heating Market Size & Y-o-Y Growth Analysis 6.1.1. North America 6.1.2. Europe 6.1.3. Asia Pacific 6.1.4. Middle East & Africa 6.1.5. South America 7. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis and Forecast, By Application 7.1. Introduction and Definition 7.2. Key Findings 7.3. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, By Application 7.4. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, By Application 7.5. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis, By Application 7.6. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Attractiveness Analysis, By Application 8. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis and Forecast, By Types of Cables 8.1. Introduction and Definition 8.2. Key Findings 8.3. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, By Brake Used 8.4. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, By Brake Used 8.5. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis, By Brake Used 8.6. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Attractiveness Analysis, By Brake Used 9. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis, by Region 9.1. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, by Region 9.2. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Region 9.3. Global Direct Electrical Heating Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Region 10. North America Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis 10.1. Key Findings 10.2. North America Direct Electrical Heating Market Overview 10.3. North America Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, By Application 10.4. North America Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 10.4.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 10.4.2. Offshore exploration 10.5. North America Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, By Types of Cables 10.6. North America Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 10.6.1. Riser cables 10.6.2. Armored feeder cables 10.6.3. Piggyback cables 10.6.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 10.7. North America Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, by Country 10.8. North America Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, by Country 10.8.1. U.S. 10.8.2. Canada 10.8.3. Mexico 10.9. North America Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis, by Country 10.10. U.S. Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 10.10.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 10.10.2. Offshore exploration 10.11. U.S. Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 10.11.1. Riser cables 10.11.2. Armored feeder cables 10.11.3. Piggyback cables 10.11.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 10.12. Canada Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 10.12.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 10.12.2. Offshore exploration 10.13. Canada Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 10.13.1. Riser cables 10.13.2. Armored feeder cables 10.13.3. Piggyback cables 10.13.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 10.14. Mexico Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 10.14.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 10.14.2. Offshore exploration 10.15. Mexico Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 10.15.1. Riser cables 10.15.2. Armored feeder cables 10.15.3. Piggyback cables 10.15.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 10.16. North America Direct Electrical Heating Market Attractiveness Analysis 10.16.1. By Application 10.16.2. By Types of Cables 10.17. PEST Analysis 10.18. Key Trends 10.19. Key Developments 11. Europe Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis 11.1. Key Findings 11.2. Europe Direct Electrical Heating Market Overview 11.3. Europe Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, By Application 11.4. Europe Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 11.4.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 11.4.2. Offshore exploration 11.5. Europe Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 11.5.1. Riser cables 11.5.2. Armored feeder cables 11.5.3. Piggyback cables 11.5.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 11.6. Europe Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, by Country 11.7. Europe Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, by Country 11.7.1. Germany 11.7.2. U.K. 11.7.3. France 11.7.4. Italy 11.7.5. Spain 11.7.6. Sweden 11.7.7. CIS countries 11.7.8. Rest of Europe 11.8. Germany Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 11.8.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 11.8.2. Offshore exploration 11.9. Germany Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 11.9.1. Riser cables 11.9.2. Armored feeder cables 11.9.3. Piggyback cables 11.9.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 11.10. U.K. Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 11.10.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 11.10.2. Offshore exploration 11.11. U.K. Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 11.11.1. Riser cables 11.11.2. Armored feeder cables 11.11.3. Piggyback cables 11.11.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 11.12. France Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 11.12.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 11.12.2. Offshore exploration 11.13. France Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 11.13.1. Riser cables 11.13.2. Armored feeder cables 11.13.3. Piggyback cables 11.13.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 11.14. Italy Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 11.14.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 11.14.2. Offshore exploration 11.15. Italy Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 11.15.1. Riser cables 11.15.2. Armored feeder cables 11.15.3. Piggyback cables 11.15.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 11.16. Spain Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 11.16.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 11.16.2. Offshore exploration 11.17. Spain Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 11.17.1. Riser cables 11.17.2. Armored feeder cables 11.17.3. Piggyback cables 11.17.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 11.18. Sweden Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 11.18.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 11.18.2. Offshore exploration 11.19. Sweden Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 11.19.1. Riser cables 11.19.2. Armored feeder cables 11.19.3. Piggyback cables 11.19.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 11.20. CIS countries Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 11.20.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 11.20.2. Offshore exploration 11.21. CIS countries Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 11.21.1. Riser cables 11.21.2. Armored feeder cables 11.21.3. Piggyback cables 11.21.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 11.22. Rest of Europe Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 11.22.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 11.22.2. Offshore exploration 11.23. Rest of Europe Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 11.23.1. Riser cables 11.23.2. Armored feeder cables 11.23.3. Piggyback cables 11.23.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 11.24. Europe Direct Electrical Heating Market Attractiveness Analysis 11.24.1. By Types of Cables 11.24.2. By Application 11.25. PEST Analysis 11.26. Key Trends 11.27. Key Developments 12. Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis 12.1. Key Findings 12.2. Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Overview 12.3. Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, By Application 12.4. Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 12.4.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 12.4.2. Offshore exploration 12.5. Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, By Application 12.6. Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 12.6.1. Riser cables 12.6.2. Armored feeder cables 12.6.3. Piggyback cables 12.6.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 12.7. Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, by Country 12.8. Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, by Country 12.8.1. China 12.8.2. India 12.8.3. Japan 12.8.4. South Korea 12.8.5. Australia 12.8.6. ASEAN 12.8.7. Rest of Asia Pacific 12.9. Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis, by Country 12.10. China Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 12.10.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 12.10.2. Offshore exploration 12.11. China Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 12.11.1. Riser cables 12.11.2. Armored feeder cables 12.11.3. Piggyback cables 12.11.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 12.12. India Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 12.12.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 12.12.2. Offshore exploration 12.13. India Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 12.13.1. Riser cables 12.13.2. Armored feeder cables 12.13.3. Piggyback cables 12.13.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 12.14. Japan Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 12.14.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 12.14.2. Offshore exploration 12.15. Japan Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 12.15.1. Riser cables 12.15.2. Armored feeder cables 12.15.3. Piggyback cables 12.15.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 12.16. South Korea Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 12.16.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 12.16.2. Offshore exploration 12.17. South Korea Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 12.17.1. Riser cables 12.17.2. Armored feeder cables 12.17.3. Piggyback cables 12.17.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 12.18. Australia Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 12.18.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 12.18.2. Offshore exploration 12.19. Australia Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 12.19.1. Riser cables 12.19.2. Armored feeder cables 12.19.3. Piggyback cables 12.19.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 12.20. ASEAN Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 12.20.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 12.20.2. Offshore exploration 12.21. ASEAN Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 12.21.1. Riser cables 12.21.2. Armored feeder cables 12.21.3. Piggyback cables 12.21.4. Motor generator 12.21.5. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 12.22. Rest of Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 12.22.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 12.22.2. Offshore exploration 12.23. Rest of Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 12.23.1. Riser cables 12.23.2. Armored feeder cables 12.23.3. Piggyback cables 12.23.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 12.24. Asia Pacific Direct Electrical Heating Market Attractiveness Analysis 12.24.1. By Application 12.24.2. By Types of Cables 12.25. PEST Analysis 12.26. Key Trends 12.27. Key Developments 13. Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis 13.1. Key Findings 13.2. Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Overview 13.3. Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, By Application 13.4. Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 13.4.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 13.4.2. Offshore exploration 13.5. Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 13.5.1. Riser cables 13.5.2. Armored feeder cables 13.5.3. Piggyback cables 13.5.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 13.6. Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, by Country 13.7. Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, by Country 13.7.1. GCC Countries 13.7.2. South Africa 13.7.3. Nigeria 13.7.4. Egypt 13.7.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa 13.8. Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis, by Country 13.9. GCC Countries Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 13.9.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 13.9.2. Offshore exploration 13.10. GCC Countries Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 13.10.1. Riser cables 13.10.2. Armored feeder cables 13.10.3. Piggyback cables 13.10.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 13.11. South Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 13.11.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 13.11.2. Offshore exploration 13.12. South Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 13.12.1. Riser cables 13.12.2. Armored feeder cables 13.12.3. Piggyback cables 13.12.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 13.13. Nigeria Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 13.13.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 13.13.2. Offshore exploration 13.14. Nigeria Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 13.14.1. Riser cables 13.14.2. Armored feeder cables 13.14.3. Piggyback cables 13.14.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 13.15. Egypt Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 13.15.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 13.15.2. Offshore exploration 13.16. Egypt Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 13.16.1. Riser cables 13.16.2. Armored feeder cables 13.16.3. Piggyback cables 13.16.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 13.17. Rest of Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 13.17.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 13.17.2. Offshore exploration 13.18. Rest of Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 13.18.1. Riser cables 13.18.2. Armored feeder cables 13.18.3. Piggyback cables 13.18.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 13.19. Middle East & Africa Direct Electrical Heating Market Attractiveness Analysis 13.19.1. By Application 13.19.2. By Types of Cables 13.20. PEST Analysis 13.21. Key Trends 13.22. Key Developments 14. South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis 14.1. Key Findings 14.2. South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Overview 14.3. South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, By Application 14.4. South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 14.4.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 14.4.2. Offshore exploration 14.5. South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 14.5.1. Riser cables 14.5.2. Armored feeder cables 14.5.3. Piggyback cables 14.5.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 14.6. South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Value Share Analysis, by Country 14.7. South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, by Country 14.7.1. Brazil 14.7.2. Colombia 14.7.3. Argentina 14.7.4. Rest of South America 14.8. South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Analysis, by Country 14.9. Brazil Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 14.9.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 14.9.2. Offshore exploration 14.10. Brazil Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 14.10.1. Riser cables 14.10.2. Armored feeder cables 14.10.3. Piggyback cables 14.10.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 14.11. Colombia Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 14.11.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 14.11.2. Offshore exploration 14.12. Colombia Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 14.12.1. Riser cables 14.12.2. Armored feeder cables 14.12.3. Piggyback cables 14.12.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 14.13. Argentina Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 14.13.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 14.13.2. Offshore exploration 14.14. Argentina Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 14.14.1. Riser cables 14.14.2. Armored feeder cables 14.14.3. Piggyback cables 14.14.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 14.15. Rest of South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Application 14.15.1. Underwater oil & gas pipelines 14.15.2. Offshore exploration 14.16. Rest of South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Forecast, By Types of Cables 14.16.1. Riser cables 14.16.2. Armored feeder cables 14.16.3. Piggyback cables 14.16.4. Integrated Protection System (IPS). 14.17. South America Direct Electrical Heating Market Attractiveness Analysis 14.17.1. By Application 14.17.2. By Types of Cables 14.18. PEST Analysis 14.19. Key Trends 14.20. Key Developments 15. Company Profiles 15.1. Market Share Analysis, by Company 15.2. Competition Matrix 15.2.1. Competitive Benchmarking of key players by price, presence, market share, Applications, and R&D investment 15.2.2. New Product Launches and Product Enhancements 15.2.3. Market Consolidation 15.2.3.1. M&A by Regions, Investment and Applications 15.2.3.2. M&A Key Players, Forward Integration and Backward Integration 15.3. Company Profiles: Key Players 15.3.1. Statoil 15.3.1.1. Company Overview 15.3.1.2. Financial Overview 15.3.1.3. Product Portfolio 15.3.1.4. Business Strategy 15.3.1.5. Recent Developments 15.3.1.6. Development Footprint 15.3.2. Siemens Energy 15.3.3. Nexans 15.3.4. Saudi Aramco 15.3.5. SINTEF Energi AS. 15.3.6. Wärtsilä 15.3.7. ABB 15.3.8. Other 16. Primary Key Insights