Anti-diabetic Drugs Market: Global Industry Analysis and Forecast (2022-2029)

 Anti-diabetic Drugs Market is expected to reach $88.59 Bn. by 2029 from $38.44 Bn. in 2021, at a CAGR 11% during forecast period.

 Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Overview:

Diabetes is a condition in which the levels of blood glucose are abnormally high. Glucose is derived from the food consumed. Anti-diabetic drugs are medications designed to maintain diabetes and regulate blood glucose levels. Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market To know about the Research Methodology :- Request Free Sample Report

Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Dynamics:

Rising prevalence of diabetes globally is the major driving factor for the market growth.

Increasing occurrence of both Type I and Type II diabetes is expected to drive market growth during the forecast period. Also, the increasing obese population is further expected to drive the market growth. In 2021, 31.3% of the 511 million people were diagnosed with diabetes. It estimated that Diabetes was the eighth leading cause of death in the world, which caused 4.2 million deaths in 2021. The International Diabetes Federation states that diabetes and related disorders are expected to rise over the forecast period as a result of changing lifestyles and rising geriatric populations globally. It also states that the prevalence of diabetes globally is expected to affect 552 million people by 2030. As glucose resistance worsens with age, geriatric patients are more likely to take anti-diabetic drugs. This rapid increase is anticipated to aid the market growth. Other factors such as rising demand for oral anti-diabetic drugs, unhealthy diet habits, sedentary lifestyle, and high-stress levels are also boosting the market growth. Furthermore, technological advancements, increased investment in drug production, increased healthcare expenditure, development of new novel drug candidates, and medical reimbursement policies are all expected to contribute to the market's growth. Certain factors, such as the high cost of anti-diabetic drugs, strict regulatory conditions, and a lengthy approval process may limit the market growth. However, ongoing research and a large market opportunity will help the anti-diabetic market grow over the forecast period. The report has profiled seventeen key players in the market from different regions. However, report has considered all market leaders, followers and new entrants with investors while analyzing the market and estimation the size of the same. Increasing R&D activities in each region are different and focus is given on the regional impact on the cost, availability of advanced technology are analyzed and report has come up with recommendations for future hot spot in APAC region.

Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Segment Analysis:

Anti-diabetic Drugs Market is segmented on the basis of drug class, diabetes type and distribution channel.

Based on Drug Class, the Insulin segment held the largest market share in the year 2021 and it is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period. The growth of this can be attributed to the widespread usage of the product, as well as the effective therapeutic properties associated with it. Furthermore, the launch of new products and the promotion of other drug candidates currently in the pipeline will encourage segment growth. The Biguanides segment is expected to hold the second-largest share. Biguanides, such as Metformin, are often used as a first-line anti-diabetic treatment. These medications are often used to treat type II diabetes, and they work by causing the beta cells in the pancreas to release more insulin.

Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Regional Insights:

North America is expected to dominate the global market throughout the forecast period. North America region accounted for a dominant share of 32% in 2021. Factors such as rapidly rising obese populations, consumption of alcohol and smoking favorable government reimbursement policies, rising healthcare awareness, and the presence of key product manufacturers, create the potential growth opportunities for the market growth in the region. The American Diabetes Association’s published report states that, approximately 34.2 million Americans were affected by diabetes in 2018, and approximately 88 million people in the country had prediabetes. Asia Pacific is expected to witness highest growth during the forecast period. The factors aiding to the market growth in region is the rising consumer disposable income, rise in healthcare expenses, and the increasing prevalence of type I and type II diabetes. Also, the easy availability of cheaper OTC (over-the-counter) anti-diabetic drugs in Asia Pacific countries such as India, China, and South Korea will also contribute to the region's anti-diabetic drug market growth. The report also helps in understanding Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market dynamics, structure by analyzing the market segments and project the Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players by product, price, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market make the report investor’s guide.

 Anti-diabetic Drugs Market, Key Developments:

• In March 2021, the generic versions of AstraZeneca's proprietary anti-diabetes brand, Farxig, were launched by the Indian company NatcoPharma. The generic drug will be sold under the name Dapnat and will be available in 5mg and 10mg tablet forms. • In January 2021, Eli Lilly and Co. and Boehringer Ingelheim received FDA approval for the first oral therapy for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes that combines three drugs into one tablet. The combination drug includes linagliptin, an inhibitor of DPP IV, empagliflozin, an inhibitor of SGLT2, and metformin hydrochloride extended-release. • Mankind Pharmaceuticals and Glenmark Pharmaceuticals signed a joint agreement in December 2021 to market remoglifozin, an anti-diabetic medication, which aided to the both company’s growth in Asia Pacific region.

Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Scope: Inquire before buying

Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market
Report Coverage Details
Base Year: 2021 Forecast Period: 2022-2029
Historical Data: 2017 to 2021 Market Size in 2021: US $ 38.44 Bn.
Forecast Period 2022 to 2029 CAGR: 11% Market Size in 2029: US $ 88.59 Bn.
Segments Covered: by Drug Class • Insulin • Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors • Biguanides • Meglitinides • DPP-4 Inhibitors • SGLT-2 • Thiazolidinedione
by Diabetes Type • Type I • Type II
by Distribution Channel • Hospital Pharmacy • Retail Pharmacy • Others

Anti-diabetic Drugs Market, By Region:

• North America • Europe • South America • MEA • APAC

Anti-diabetic Drugs Market, Key players:

AstraZeneca • Novartis AG • Johnson & Johnson • Merck & Co. Inc. • Pfizer • Sanofi • Novo Nordisk A/S • Eli Lilly and Company • Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd. • Abbott • Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH • Oramed Pharmaceuticals • Takeda Pharmaceuticals • Halozyme Therapeutics • Bristol-Myers Squibb • Biocon • Wockhardt Frequently Asked Questions: 1. Which region has the largest share in Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market? Ans: Asia Pacific region holds the highest share in 2021. 2. What is the growth rate of Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market? Ans: The Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market is growing at a CAGR of 11% during forecasting period 2022-2029. 3. What is scope of the Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market report? Ans: Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market report helps with the PESTEL, PORTER, COVID-19 Impact analysis, Recommendations for Investors & Leaders, and market estimation of the forecast period. 4. What is the study period of this market? Ans: The Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market is studied from 2021 to 2029.
1. Preface 1.1. Market Definition and Key Research Objectives 1.2. Research Highlights 2. Assumptions and Research Methodology 2.1. Report Assumptions 2.2. Abbreviations 2.3. Research Methodology 2.3.1. Secondary Research 2.3.1.1. Secondary data 2.3.1.2. Secondary Sources 2.3.2. Primary Research 2.3.2.1. Data from Primary Sources 2.3.2.2. Breakdown of Primary Sources 3. Executive Summary: Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Size, by Market Value (US$ Mn) 3.1. Global Market Segmentation 3.2. Global Market Segmentation Share Analysis, 2019 3.2.1. Global 3.2.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 3.3. Geographical Snapshot of the Anti-diabetic Drugs Market 3.4. Geographical Snapshot of the Anti-diabetic Drugs Market, By Manufacturer share 4. Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Overview, 2021-2029 4.1. Market Dynamics 4.1.1. Drivers 4.1.1.1. Global 4.1.1.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.2. Restraints 4.1.2.1. Global 4.1.2.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.3. Opportunities 4.1.3.1. Global 4.1.3.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.4. Challenges 4.1.4.1. Global 4.1.4.2. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East Africa) 4.1.5. Industry Trends and Emerging Technologies 4.1.6. Porters Five Forces Analysis 4.1.6.1. Threat of New Entrants 4.1.6.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers 4.1.6.3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers 4.1.6.4. Threat of Substitute Products 4.1.6.5. Intensity of Competitive Rivalry 4.1.7. Value Chain Analysis 4.1.8. Technological Roadmap 4.1.9. Regulatory landscape 4.1.10. Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market 5. Supply Side and Demand Side Indicators 6. Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecast, 2021-2029 6.1. Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Size & Y-o-Y Growth Analysis. 7. Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 7.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 7.1.1. Insulin 7.1.2. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors 7.1.3. Biguanides 7.1.4. Meglitinides 7.1.5. DPP-4 Inhibitors 7.1.6. SGLT-2 7.1.7. Thiazolidinedione 7.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 7.2.1. Type I 7.2.2. Type II 7.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 7.3.1. Hospital Pharmacy 7.3.2. Retail Pharmacy 7.3.3. Others 8. Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, By Region 8.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Region, 2021-2029 8.1.1. North America 8.1.2. Europe 8.1.3. Asia-Pacific 8.1.4. Middle East & Africa 8.1.5. South America 9. North America Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 9.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 9.1.1. Insulin 9.1.2. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors 9.1.3. Biguanides 9.1.4. Meglitinides 9.1.5. DPP-4 Inhibitors 9.1.6. SGLT-2 9.1.7. Thiazolidinedione 9.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 9.2.1. Type I 9.2.2. Type II 9.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 9.3.1. Hospital Pharmacy 9.3.2. Retail Pharmacy 9.3.3. Others 10. North America Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, By Country 10.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2021-2029 10.1.1. US 10.1.2. Canada 10.1.3. Mexico 11. U.S. Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 11.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 11.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 11.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 12. Canada Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 12.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 12.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 12.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 13. Mexico Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 13.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 13.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 13.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 14. Europe Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 14.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 14.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 14.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 15. Europe Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, By Country 15.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2021-2029 15.1.1. U.K 15.1.2. France 15.1.3. Germany 15.1.4. Italy 15.1.5. Spain 15.1.6. Sweden 15.1.7. CIS Countries 15.1.8. Rest of Europe 16. U.K. Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 16.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 16.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 16.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 17. France Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 17.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 17.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 17.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 18. Germany Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 18.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 18.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 18.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 19. Italy Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 19.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 19.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 19.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 20. Spain Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 20.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 20.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 20.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 21. Sweden Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 21.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 21.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 21.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 22. CIS Countries Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 22.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 22.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 22.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 23. Rest of Europe Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 23.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 23.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 23.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 24. Asia Pacific Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 24.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 24.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 24.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 25. Asia Pacific Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country 25.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Country, 2021-2029 25.1.1. China 25.1.2. India 25.1.3. Japan 25.1.4. South Korea 25.1.5. Australia 25.1.6. ASEAN 25.1.7. Rest of Asia Pacific 26. China Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 26.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 26.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 26.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 27. India Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 27.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 27.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 27.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 28. Japan Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 28.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 28.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 28.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 29. South Korea Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 29.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 29.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 29.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 30. Australia Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 30.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 30.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 30.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 31. ASEAN Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 31.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 31.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 31.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 32. Rest of Asia Pacific Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 32.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 32.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 32.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 33. Middle East Africa Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 33.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 33.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 33.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 34. Middle East Africa Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country 34.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast by Country, 2021-2029 34.1.1. South Africa 34.1.2. GCC Countries 34.1.3. Egypt 34.1.4. Nigeria 34.1.5. Rest of ME&A 35. South Africa Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 35.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 35.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 35.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 36. GCC Countries Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 36.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 36.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 36.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 37. Egypt Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 37.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 37.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 37.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 38. Nigeria Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 38.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 38.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 38.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 39. Rest of ME&A Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 39.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 39.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 39.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 40. South America Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 40.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 40.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 40.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 41. South America Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, by Country 41.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast by Country, 2021-2029 41.1.1. Brazil 41.1.2. Argentina 41.1.3. Rest of South America 42. Brazil Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 42.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 42.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 42.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 43. Argentina Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 43.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 43.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 43.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 44. Rest of South America Anti-diabetic Drugs Market Analysis and Forecasts, 2021-2029 44.1. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Drug Class, 2021-2029 44.2. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Diabetes Type, 2021-2029 44.3. Market Size (Value) Estimates & Forecast By Distribution Channel, 2021-2029 45. Competitive Landscape 45.1. Geographic Footprint of Major Players in the Global Anti-diabetic Drugs Market 45.2. Competition Matrix 45.2.1. Competitive Benchmarking of Key Players By Price, Presence, Market Share, Applications and R&D Investment 45.2.2. New Product Launches and Product Enhancements 45.2.3. Market Consolidation 45.2.3.1. M&A by Regions, Investment and Verticals 45.2.3.2. M&A, Forward Integration and Backward Integration 45.2.3.3. Partnership, Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances/ Sales Agreements 45.3. Company Profile : Key Players 45.3.1. AstraZeneca 45.3.1.1. Company Overview 45.3.1.2. Financial Overview 45.3.1.3. Geographic Footprint 45.3.1.4. Product Portfolio 45.3.1.5. Business Strategy 45.3.1.6. Recent Developments 45.3.2. Novartis AG 45.3.3. Johnson & Johnson 45.3.4. Merck & Co. Inc. 45.3.5. Pfizer 45.3.6. Sanofi 45.3.7. Novo Nordisk A/S 45.3.8. Eli Lilly and Company 45.3.9. Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 45.3.10. Abbott 45.3.11. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH 45.3.12. Oramed Pharmaceuticals 45.3.13. Takeda Pharmaceuticals 45.3.14. Halozyme Therapeutics 45.3.15. Bristol-Myers Squibb 45.3.16. Biocon 45.3.17. Wockhardt 46. Primary Key Insights
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